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BRIEF HISTORY 



OF 



BY 



THEODORE H. HITTELL 



DISCOVERV AND EARLY VOYAGES 




8bl 
•H67 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



Chap.. .P.. Copyright No.. 
Shelf.H,$^ 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



AUG 23 1898 




HERNANDO CORTES. 



[From Rivera's " Lo3 Gobernantes de Mexico," Mexico, 1872. In the Sutro 
Library, San Francisco. ^ 



BRIEF HISTORY 



OF 



CALIFORNIA 



THEODORE H. HITTELL 



With an Introduction and Suggestive Correlations by 

RICHARD D. FAULKNER, 

Principal Franklin Grammar School, San Francisco, California 

Maps, Portraits and Other Illustrations 

BY 

CHARLES J. HITTELL 



BOOK I 



THE STONE EDUCATIONAL COMPANY 

San Francisco 

1698 



! :>S«5:j 



Entered, according to Act of Congress, in tlie year 1898, by 

THEODORE M. HITTELL, 

In the oiRce of tVie Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 

ALL RIGHTS KESEKVED. 







TWO COPIES Rf CtlVEO. 

2ftd COPY, ^V^^^^^J2- ^ 3. 
18§8. ^ K'=S^'=6 



^^n 



INTRODUCTION. 



BY RICHARD D. FAULKNER. 

The history of California is unique. Its periods of growth 
are distinct epoelis. It did not grow out of complex situations. 
A series of log-ical events succeeded each other, apparently in 
natural sequence, until a typical State of the United States was 
completely evolved. Its history since its admission is equal in 
interest to its romantic past and its thrilling" present. 

A study of the history of such a State can not fail to inter- 
est, instruct, and inspire its future citizens. 

The early history of the State, being the narrative of 
explorations in which the motive of the explorers is readily 
perceived, serves as an admirable introduction to the history 
of the United States, with which it is closely correlated. Its 
study can therefore be introduced early into the course of the 
elementarj'^ schools, and if completed, it will be an excellent 
preparation for a survey in the secondary schools of the whole 
history of the American continent. 

It was dilticult, until Mr. Theodore II. Hittell in 1897 com- 
pleted his "History of California" in four volumes, to give to 
the pupils of the public schools a conception of the history of 
the State, without great labor on the part of the teacher; but 
it was generally recognized by teachers that the completion 
of this work made it possible to do so with the minimum of 
expense in time and effort. But to further minimize time and 
effort on the part of teachers, and at the same time to give 
pupils an opportunity of acquiring for themselves directly 
f^^ome knowledge of the history of the State, the author of the 
"History of California" has written, with all his charm of stj^le 
and historical accuracy, a "Brief History of California" that can 
be read and comprehended by the pupils of the grammar 
grades of the public schools. 

In the "History of California," the history of the State is dis- 
cussed in twelve subdivisions termed books, the titles of which 

(iii) 



iv INTRODUCTION, 

are: Early Voyages, The Jesuits, The Franciscans, The Spanish 
Governors, The Mexican Governors, The Last Mexican Gov- 
ernors, The Americans, Early Mining Times, Progress of San 
Francisco, State Growth, Early State Administrations, Later 
State Administrations. 

The plan of the "Brief History of California" is substan- 
tially that of the "History of California," and in many cases the 
same language is used. It consists of tvv'elve subdivisions or 
books — the titles, however, differing slightly from those of the 
larger work. It is to be published in three forms: First, each 
subdivision or book under its own title, as each, though an 
integral part of the whole, is complete within itself; second, in 
parts, a part consisting of three of its subdivisions or books; 
third, in a single volume. 

It is designed as a text-book for instruction in the history 
of the State and for supplementary reading. 

It is believed that provision can be made for its use in 
schools, with but slight revision of Courses of Study, as it 
correlates closely on the one hand with the history of each 
pupil's neighborhood and on the other with the "Histor3' of the 
United States." 

It is thought that the time required for instruction in local 
and State history will be more than offset by the alertness 
of mind which it will produce in awakening the interest of 
the pupils in their immediate surroundings, and in the past, 
present, and future of not only the section in which they live, 
but of the State and of the great country of which it is a part. 

It is suggested that Part I be introduced into the sixth 
grade. Part II into the seventh. Part III into the eighth and 
Part IV into the ninth. But this is only a suggestion. It is 
expected that Boards of Education will exercise their discretion 
in its grading. The plan of its publication is intended to give 
flexibility to its introduction into the schools. 

The maps, portraits, and other illustrations of the "Brief 
History of California" are carefully drawn by Mr. Charles J. 
Hittell from the most authentic sources, and may be relied 
upon as correct. It is the aim that they shall be educative 
within themselves, not only as suggestive of sources of infor- 
mation but also from an artistic standpoint. 

August 4, 1S98. 



CONTENTS 



BOOK I. 
DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 



CHAPTER I. 

PAGE 

AMEllICA AND INDIA, 
Columbus' search for India, and belief that he had reached it 1 

Consequences of his mistake; stories of India's wealth 2 

Effect upon Spanish people; Balboa's South Sea, and what 

was thought about it 3 

Afag-ellan's voyage to East Indies, and what the Spaniards 

still thought 4 

CHAPTER II. 

CORTES AND CALIFORJTIA. 
Cortfis' belief in wealth of northwest, and Sandoval's island 

of pearls and gold 5 

Voyages of Maldonado, Mendoza, Mazuela, Recerra and Grix- 

alva, and discovery of California by Fortuiio Ximenez 

Expedition to California by Cortes in person 7 

How he tried to console his suft'ering people, and romantic 

origin of the name California 7 

How and why Cortes applied the name 8 

CHAPTER III. 

THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. 
Wanderings o4 Cabeza de Vaca, and his reports about the 

interior of the continent 9 

Expedition of Father Marcos de Niza in scai-ch of Cibola... 9 

(V) 



^i CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

His view from a mountain- top of the famous seven cities. . . 10 

Effect of his marvelous reports 11 

Ulloa's voyage and survey of the coasts of Sinaloa and Sonora 11 

His survey of both sides of Lower California 12 

Arrival at Cabo del Engano and struggles with the north- 
west winds 13 

Summarj^ of Cortes services to California; his return to 

Spain and death 14 

CHAPTER IV. 

COKONAJ)0 AND ALARCON. 

Coronado's expedition to Cibola and what he found there... 15 

His march to the Eio Grande and to Quivira 16 

His return to New Spain, and fate of first settlers at Quivira 17 

Voyag-e of Alarcon, and discovery of Colorado river 18 

Pedro de Alvarado's projects and death 19 

Domingo del Castillo's map of California 20 

CHAPTER V. 

CABRILI.O. 

Cabrillo's voyage, and discovery of Alta California 21 

Discovery of coast and islands from San Diego to Point Con- 

cepcion 22 

Discovery of Point of Pines and Ano Nuevo, and his un- 
timely death 22 

Ferrelo's continuation of Cabrillo's voyage 24 

His discovery of Capes Mendocino and Blanco, and return 

to New Spain 24 

Summary of services of Cabrillo and Ferrelo 25 

CHAPTER VI. 

THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 

Expectations of finding wealth in northwest abandoned 26 

Discovery of Philippine islands, and effect 26 

Voyages to and conquest of Philippines 27 

How the world was divided by the pope between the Span- 
iards and Portuguese 28 

Dispute as to line of division in the East Indies 29 



CONTEXTS. Vii 

PAGE 

How and why Philippine trade took the way of America... 29 
Why east-bound I'hiiippine galleons skirted California, and 

results 30 

CHAPTER YIL 

DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 
Francis Drake, and his determination to attack Spaniards 

in the Pacific 32 

His voyage; plunder of Spaniards, and taking of ship Caca- 

f uego 32 

VvTtempt to find a way homeward north of America, and 

coasting down to Point Reyes 33 

Stop at Drake's bay, and intercourse with Indians 34 

Supposed transfer of sovereignty by Indians to I^ngland.... 35 

What the ceremonies really amounted to, and Drake's action 36 

Excursion inland, and appearance of country 36 

Drake's monument of his visit, and name of New Albion 37 

His departure and voyage back to England 37 

CHAPTER Yin. 

CAVENDISH, WOODES ROGERS, AND SHELYOCKE. 

Cavendish's voyage; plunder of Spaniards, and taking of 

Philippine galleon off Cape San Lucas 39 

How Spaniards, abandoned on shore, were saved by Sebas- 
tian Viscaino 40 

Voyage of Woodes Rogers, and rescue of Alexander Selkirk 

from Juan Fernandez 41 

Plunder of Spaniards, and taking of Philippine galleon at 

Cape San Lucas 42 

Attack on second Philippine galleon; desperate fight, and 

how galleon escaped 42 

Shelvocke's voyage; Simon Hatley, the man that "shot the 

albatross" 43 

Ravages upon the Spaniards; stay at Cape San Lucas; out- 
come of his depredations 44 

CHAPTER IX. 

THE STRAITS OF ANIAN. 
Supposed existence of Straits of Anian 45 



vlii CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Voyages of Urdaneta, Chaque, Ladrillero and Gali 46 

Pretended discoveries of Maldonado 47 

Accounts of passage of straits by Juan de Fuca 47 

Voyage and shipwreck of the San Augustin 48 

Results of belief in the various stories 49 

CHAPTER X. 

VISCAINO. 

First voyage of Viscaino 50 

Viscaino's second voyage; stop at San Diego 51 

Visit to Santa Catalina island; its people, temple and idol.. 52 

At Point Concepcion; passage to Monterey , 53 

Stay at Monterey and excursion inland 53 

At Point Reyes; passage to Cape Blanco, and return to Nevv^ 

Spain 54 

Martin de Aguilar and his supposed river 55 

Viscaino's project for a third voyage; retirement and death 55 

CHAPTER XL 

THE PEARL FISHERS. 

Decay of Spanish enterprise 57 

Maritime discoveries of the Dutch; the Pichilingues 57 

Voyage of Iturbi, and the pearls he collected 58 

Farming out of the pearl fisheries 59 

Voyages of Ortega and Carboneli 60 

Voyages of Casanate, Piiiadero and Luzenilla, and abandon- 
ment of monopoly 60 

CHAPTER XH. 

ADMIRAL ATOXDO. 

Expedition of Admiral x\tondo 62 

His voyage with Father Kino and settlement at La Paz 62 

Fierceness of Guaycuros Indians 63 

How Indian assault was repelled 64 

Removal of settlement to San Bruno 64 

How Kino taught the resurrection 65 

Breaking up of settlement; conquest of California by civil 

power a failure 65 



MAPS, PORTRAITS AND OTHER 
ILLUSTRATIONS. 



PAGE. 

HERNANDO CORTES. 

[From Rivera's "I^iOS Gobernantes de Mexico," Mexico, 1872. 
In the Sutro Library, San Francisco.] Frontispiece 

TOSCANELLI'S MAP OP 1474. 

[Used by Columbus on his tirst voyage.] 2 

THE SHIPS OF COLUMBUS. 

[From models exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition, 

Chicago, 1893.] 3 

GONZALO DE SANDOVAL. 

[From "Das Alte Mexiko" by Th. Arnim, Leipzig, 1865] 5 

MAP OF NEW SPAIN. 

[Illustrating expeditions of Cortes.] Facing G 

THE PUEBLO OF ZUNI. 

[From photograph by Taber.] 10 

CASTILLO'S MAP OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 

[Showing Cabo del Engano and Ulloa's Route. From Venegas' 
"Noticia de la California," etc. The inscription on the 
map, half Latin and half Spanish, reads in English, 
"Domingo del Castillo, Pilot, made me in Mexico, in the 

year of the birth of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1541."] 13 

ANTONIO DE MENDOZA, Viceroy. 

[From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 15 

MAP INDICATING PIONEER ROUTES. 

[Cabeza de Vaca, Marcos de Niza, Coronado, and Alarcon.] — 17 
PEDRO DE ALVARADO. 

[From "Das Alte Mexiko."] 19 

JUAN RODRIGUEZ CABRILLO. 

[From Art Collection in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.] — 21 

POINT OF PINES. 

[B'rom sketch made by W. B. McMurtrie. in 1851, five miles S. 
% W. (by compass) from Point. Published in U. S. Coast 

Survey Chart of Monterey Harbor, 1852.] 23 

SPANISH GALLEON. 

[From "Les Marins du XV. et du XVI. Siecles."] 28 

MAP ILLUSTRATING LINE OF DEMARCATION 30 

(ix) 



X MAPS, PORTRAITS AND OTHER ILLUSTRATIONS. 

SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. 

CFrom portrait by William Sharp, after Miraveldt, in Super- 
visors' Chamber, San Francisco.] 3a 

MAP OF DRAKE'S BAY. ' 

[From Survey of the Rancho "Punta de los Reyes," approved 

by U. S. Surveyor-General, November 5, 1859.] 34 

PRATER-BOOK CROSS. 

[Erected in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, in commemora- 
tion of Christian services at Drake's Bay in 1579.] 38 

SIR THOMAS CAVENDISH. 

[From "Lives and Voyages of Drake, Cavendish, and Dam- 
pier," etc.. Harper & Bros., New York, 1873.] 39 

MAP SHOWING SUPPOSED STRAITS OF ANIAN. 

[From Zaltieri's Map of 1566, published in Venice and followed 

by Ortelin's in 1570.] 45 

SEBASTIAN VISCAINO. 

[From Art Collection in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.] 50 

COUNT OF MONTEREY, Viceroy. 

[From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 52 

PHILIP IIL, KING OF SPAIN. 

[From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 59 

CHARLES II., KING OF SPAIN. 

[From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 62 

TRIUMPH OF THE CROSS 66 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



[It is deemed proper, on account chiefly of the many Span- 
ish names adopted and used in California, to give a pronounc- 
ing- vocabulary of the principal words. As a preliminary it 
may be briefly stated that in Spanish the vovs^els always have 
the same sound and are pronounced as follows: 

a like ah, or a in far; e like ay in may; 

i like ee in see; o like oh, or o in no; 

u like oo in food; y, when a vowel, like ee. 

Final e is always sounded. 

Of the consonants; c before e or i is sounded like th in thin, 
though some prefer the sound of s; before a, o or u and before 
consonants, it is pronounced like k; ch like ch in chair or 
church. 

g before e or i is pronounced like h; in other cases, like 
g in game. 

h is silent; hua is pronounced like wa in water. 

11 has the sound of Hi in million and 

n the sound of ni in minion. 

q is always followed by u and another vowel and has the 
sound of k (the u being silent), 

s has the hissing sound like ss and never the z sound, which 
is not used in Spanish. 

z is pronounced like th, though some prefer the sound of s. 

Special attention is called to the accent ', which is always 
strong.] 

Acapulco — AJi-cali-pooV-koh. Alarcon, Hernando de — .1///- 

Acus — Ah'-koos. iiahn'-dbh day Ah-Jar-kohn' . 

Aguada Segura (safe watering- Alvarado, Pedro de — Pay'-droh 

port) — Ag-icah'-dah Say-goo'- day Ahl-vah-rah'-doJi. 

rah. Anian — Alin-yalm'. 

Aguilar, Martin de — Mahr-teen' Ano Nuevo (new year) — Ahn'- 

day Ah-ghee-lahr^. yoh Tioo-ay'-voh. 

(xi) 



Xll 



PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY. 



Apostolos Yalerianus — Ah-pust'- . 

o-los Vah-layr-ee-ahn'-ufi. 
Ariea — Ah-ree'-kah. 
Atondo y Antillon, Isidro — 

Eess'-ee-droh Ak-toJin'-doh ee 

Ahti-teel-yo?in\ 

Badajoz — Bah-dah-7iolith\ 
Balboa, Vasco Nunez de — • 

Yahsfi'-koh Noon'-yayih day 

Bahl-hofi'-ah. 
Becerra de Mendoza, Diego — 

Dee-ay'-goh Bay-thayr'-rah day 

May7i-doh'-thali. 
Big-onia — Bee-gohn'-yah. 
Blanco (white) — Blahn'-koh. 
Buena Guia (good guide) — 

Bway'-nah Ghee'-ah. 

Cabeza de Vaca, Alvar Nunez— 

Ahl-vahr' ISloon'-yayth KaJi- 

hay'-thah day Yah' -kali. 
Cabo Bajo (low cape) — KaW- 

boh Bah'-hoTi. 
Cabo del Engaiio — Kah'-hoh del 

Ayn-gaJm'-yoh. 
Cabrillo, Juan Kodriguez — 

Whatcn RoJid-ree'-gayth Kah- 

hreeV-yoh. 
Cacafuego — Kah-kah-fway'-goh. 
Canoas, Pueblo de las (town 

of the canoes) — Pwayb'-loh 

day lahss Kah-noli'-aliss. 
Carboneli, Estevan — Ayss-tay'- 

vahn, Kahr-boh-nay'-lee. 
Casanate, Pedro Portel dc — 

Pay' -droll Pohr-tayV day Kah- 

sah-nali'-tay. 
Castillo, Domingo del — Doli- 

mcen'-goh del Kahss-teel'-yoh. 
Cavendish — Cav'-en-dish; by 

some pronounced Kan'-dish, 



Cedros (cedars) — Tliay'-droliss. 
Cermenon, Sebastian Rodriguez 

— Say-ba li ss t-yahn' Roh d-ree'- 

gaytli Tliayr-mayn-yolin'. 
Cerros (hills) — Thayr'-rohss. 
Chile — Tcliee'-lay, but by some 

pronounced Chil'-lee. 
Cibola — Tlieeb'-oh-lah; by some 

pronounced Seeb'-oli-lah. 
Colorado (red) — Koh-loh-rah'- 

doll. 
Concepcion — Kolm-thayp-iJiee- 

olin'. 
Coras — Koh'-rahss. 
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez 

de — Fran-tlieess'-koh Valisi^'- 

kayss day Koli-roli-nali'-doli. 
Cortereal, Caspar — Gahss-pahr' 

Kor-tay-ray-aM'. 
Cortes, Hernando — Ayr-nahn'- 

doli Kor-tayss'. 
Culiacan — Koo-lee-ali-kalm'. 

Darien — Dali-ree-ayn'. 

Defoe— Dee-f oil'. 

De Verde — Day Vayr'-day. 

Ecuador — A y-kicali-dolir' . 

El Dorado — Ayl Doli-rah'-doh. 

Engaiio, Cabo del (cape of de- 
ceit) — Kah'-boli del Ayn-gahn'- 
yoli. 

Escalona, Luis de — Loo-eess' 
day Ayss-kali-loli'-n all. 

Estevanico — Ayss-tay-valin-ee'- 
koh. 

Ferrelo Bartolom# — Balir-tohl- 

oh-inay' Fayr-ray'-loh. 
Fuca, Juan de — WlMWti day 

Foo'-kah. 



PRO XO UNCI NG VOCABULARY. 



XIU 



Gali, Franoisco — Fran-tlwess'- 

koJi Gah'-lec. 
Gallapagos — Gahl-yafiiV-ah' 

gohss; by some pronounced 

Gahl-yah-pay'-yus. 
Gicamas — Hce-ka?i'-mahss. 
Grande, Rio (great river) — 

Ree'-oh Grakn'-day. 
Grixalva, Hernando de — Ayr- 

nahn'-doli day Grec-hahV-rah. 
Guatemala — Gwah-tay-mali'- 

luh. 
Guatulco — Gwah-tooV-koh. 
Guayaquil — Gwy-ah-keeV. 
Guay euros — Gwy-koor'-ohss. 
G uaymas — Gwy'-mahss. 

Herodotus — He-rod'-o-tus. 
Hurtado de Mendoza — Oohr- 
tah'-doh day Mayn-doh'-thali. 

Ibimuhueite — Ee-bee-moo-hicay- 

€c'-tay. 
Islas de Poniente (islands of 

the setting sun) — Eess'-lahss 

day Poh-nce-ayn'-tay. 
Iturbi, Juan— Whaicn Ee-toor'- 

bee. 

Jalisco — Hah'lees'-koh. 

Java — Hah'-vah. 

Juan de Fuca — Whawn day 

Foo'-kah. 
Juan Fernandez — Whawn Fayr- 

nahn'-dayth. 

Kiihn — Keen. 

Kino, Eusebio Francisco — Go- 

sayb'-yoli Fran-thcess' -koh Kee'- 

iioh. 

Ladrillero, Juan Fernandez — 
Whawti Fayr-nahn'-dayth day 
Lah-drcel-yay'-roh^ 



Ladrones (robbers) — Lah- 

drohn'-aysa. 
La Paz (peace) — Lan Fahth. 
Las Virgincs (the virgins) — 

Lahss Vcer'-hee-nayss. 
Legaspi, Miguel Lopez de — 

Mee-gayV Loh'-payth day Lay- 

gahss'-pee. 
Lemaire — Lay-mayr'. 
Loma (hill) — Loh'.-mah. 
Loreto — Loh-ray'-toh. 
Luzenilla, Francisco — Fran- 

tJieess'-koh Loo-thay-neeV-yah. 

Madrid — Mad-reed'. 

Magdalena — Mahg-dah-lay'-na li. 

Magellan, Fernando — Fayr- 

nahn'-doJi Mah-hayl-yahn' ; by 

some pronounced May-geV- 

lan. 
Maldonado, Lorenzo Ferrer de 

— Loh-rayn'-thoh Fayr-rayi'' 

day Malil-doh-nah'-doh. 
Maldonado, Pedro Nuiiez — 

Pay'-droh Noon'-yayth Mahl- 

doh-nali'-doh. 
Marata — Mah-rah'-tah. 
Mayo — My'-oh. 
Mazat\'dn—M ah-that-lahn\ 
Mazuela, Juan de — Whaicn day 

Mah-thiray'-lah. 
Mendocino — Mayn-doh-theen'- 

oh. 
MeAdoza, Antonio de — Ahn- 

tohn'-yoh day Mayn-doh'-lhah. 
Mendoza, Diego Becerra de — 

Dee-ay'-goh Bay-thayr'-rah day 

Mayn-doh'-thah. 
Mendoza, Hurtado de — Onhr- 

tah'-doh day Mayn-doh'-thah, 
Monterey — Mon-tay-ray' . 



XIV 



PR ONO UNCING VO CA B ULAR Y. 



Narvaez, Panfilo de — Pahn'-fee- 
loh day Nahr-vah'-ayth. 

Navidad (nativity) — Nah-vee- 
dahd'' 

Newfoundland — Noo'-fund-land. 

Nieve (snow) — Nee-ay'-vay. 

Niza, Marcos de — MaJir'-koJiss 
day Nee'-thah. 

Nuestra Seiiora de la Incar- 
nacion y .Desengaiio (Our 
Lady of the Incarnation 
and Undeceit) — Noo-ayss'- 
trah Sayn-yoW-rah day lali 
Een-kaJir-nah-tJiee-ohn' ee Day- 
sayn-gahn'-yoh. 

Ortega, Francisco de — Fran- 
theess'-koh day Ohr-tay'-gali. 

Padilla, Juan de — WMwn day 

Pqh-deel'-yali. 
Panama — Pah-nah-maW . 
Payta — Py'-taJi. 
Peru — Pay-roo'. 
Philippine — Phil-ip-peen\ 
Pichilingue — Pee-cheel-een'-gay. 
Piiiadero, Bernardo Bernal de 

— Bayr-nahr'-doJi Bayr-nahV 

day Peen-yah-day'-roJi. 
Pinos (pines) — Pee'-nohss. 
Poniente, Islas de (isles of 

the setting sun) — Eess'-lahss 

day Poh-nee-ayn'-tay. 
Posesion (possession) — Poli- 

sayss-yolm' . 
Pueblo de las Canoas (town 

of the canoes) — Pwayh'-loh 

day lahss Kah-noW-ahss. 
Pueblos (towns) — Pwayb'-lohss. 
Puerto Seguro (secure port) — ■ 

Pwayr'-toh Say-goo'-roh, 



Quivira — Kee-vee'-rah. 

Eeyes (kings) — Ray'-ayss. 

Eio Grande (great river) — 
Ree'-oTi Grahn'-day. 

Eogers, Woodes — Woodz Rog- 
ers. 

San Agustin — 8ahn AJi-goos- 

teen'. 
San Bernabe — Sahn Bayr-nah- 

hay\ 
San Bruno — Sahn Broo'-noh. 
San Clemente — Sahn Clay- 

mayn'-tay. 
San Diego — Sahn Dee-ay'-goh. 
Sandoval, Gonzalo de — Gohn- 

thah'-loh day Sahn-doh-vahV. 
San Geronimo — Sahn Hay-rohn'- 

ee-moh. 
San Jose del Cabo — Sahn Eoh- 

say dayl Kah'-boh. 
San Juan Capistrano — Sahn 

Whaicn Kap-pees-trah'-noh, 
San Lucas — Sahn Loo'-kahss. 
San Migiiel — Sahn Mee-gayV. 
San Salvador — Sahn Sahl-vafi- 

dohr\ 
Santa Ana — Sahn'-tah Ahn'- 

nah. 
Santa Barbara — SaJin'-tah 

Bahr'-bah-rah. 
Santa Catalina — SaJm'-tah Kah- 

tah-lee'-nah. 
Santa Cruz — Sahn'-tah Krooth; 

by some pronounced Eroos. 
Santa Rosa — Sahn'-tah Roh'-sah. 
Santos, Todos los (all the 

saints) — ToW-dohss lohss 

Sahn'-tohss. 
Santo Tomas — Sahn'-toh Toh- 

mahss'. 



PR ONO UNCING VOCABULAR V. 



XV 



Sardinas (sardines) — Sahr-dee'- 
iiahss, 

Se jo — ^ay'-h oh. 

Seville — Say-ieeV-yay; in Eng- 
lish usually pronounced 
Say'-veel or Say-veeV. 

Sinaloa — Seen-ah-loh'-ah. 

Shelvocke — l^hcV-vok. 

Sonora — Soh-noh'-rah. 

St. Julien — Sahng Jool-yahng'. 

Tatarrax — Tah-talir-rax'. 
Tehuantepec — Tay-whaiCH'-tay- 

payk. 
Ternate — Tayr-nah'-tay. 
Tidore — Tce-doli'-ray. 
Todos los Santos (all the 

saints) — Toh'-dohss loJiss 

Sahn'-tohss. 
Totonteac — To-tohn-tay-ak' . 

Ulloa, Francisco de — Fran- 
thcess'-koh day Ool-yoh'-ah. 

Urdaneta, Andres d&—Ahn- 
drayss' day Oor-dah-nay'-tah. 



Vaca, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de — 
Ahl-vahr' Noon'-yayth Kah- 
bay'-thah day Vah'-kah. 

Valerianus, Apostolos — Ah- 
post'-o-Jos yah-layr-ee-ahn'-us. 

Valparaiso — Yahl-pah-ry'-soh. 

Van Shouten — Fahn Shoot' -en. 

Verde, De — Day Tayr'-day. 

Victoria (victory) — Veek-tohr'- 
yah. 

Virgines, Las (the virgins) — 
Lahss Yeer'-hec-nayss. 

Viscaino, SebavStian — Say- 
bahsst-yahn' Yeess-ky'-noh. 

Woodes Rogers — Woodz Rog'- 
crs. 

Ximenez, Fortuno — Fohr-toon'- 
yoh Hec-may'-nayth. 

Zacatula — Tha-kali-too'-lah. 

Zuni — Thoon'-yee. 

Zufiiga, Caspar de, Conde de 
Monterey — Gahss-pahr' day 
Thoon-yee'-gah, Kohn'-day day 
Mon-tay-ray' . 



BRIEF HISTORY OF CALIFORNIA, 



BOOK I. 

Discovery and Early Voyages, 



CHAPTER I. 

AMERICA AND INDIA. 

To understand the circumstances under which California 
was discovered, and therefore how its history commences, it 
is necessary to go back to the time of Christopher Columbus. 
It must be recollected that, when he undertook his famous 
voyage in 1492, he was in search of a western route to 
Asia; and that, when he discovered America, he supposed he 
had reached India. It was for this reason tliat he called the 
natives of the new land Indians — a name which was soon 
applied to all the aborigines of America. It was also for the 
same reason that the islands he found afterwards got to be 
called the West Indies, to distinguish them from the East 
Indies. As a matter of fact, the natives of America were no 
more like the natives of India than they were like the Span- 
iards; and, as for the West Indies, they were at least three 
thousand miles further away from India than Spain, whence 
Columbus had sailed. 

(1) 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 




TOSCANELLI'S MAP OF 1474. 
[Used by Columbus on his first voyage.] 



But this belief — that India had been reached — though 
a great mistake, was of immense importance and had far- 
reaching consequences. From the earliest ages, India had 
always been regarded as a land of unlimited wealth. Herod- 
otus, the so-called father of history, who wrote nearly five 
hundred years before the Christian era, spoke in glowing 
terms about it and particularly of its production of gold, 
which he represented as guarded by large and savage ants 
and fierce, fire-breathing griffins. It is probable that this 
fanciful and seemingly absurd story originated in the sim- 
ple circumstance that the gold mines of India were worked 
by warlike tribes of men, who were as laborious as ants, and 
that, to reach them, deserts had to be crossed, which were 
as hot as the supposed scorching breath of griffins. How- 
ever this may have been, it is certain that the old stories of 
the riches and greatness of India, thus started in the far dis- 
tant past, grew and expanded as time passed on; and that, in 
the days of Columbus and his successors, the most extrava- 
gant notions were entertained, not only about its gold, but also 
about its silks and spices, its rare gems and costly gums, the 



AMERICA AND INDIA 



magnificence of its princes, the grandeur of its courts, the 
extent of its Idngdoms, and the countless number of its 
people. 

hi 




THE SHIPS OF COLUMBUS. 
[From models exhibited at World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893.] 



It was this idea of the marvelous, treasure-bearing coun- 
tries of India, lying open to conquest, that induced the 
Spaniards, after discovering the West India Islands and 
finding in them little of the wealth they expected, to per- 
sist, at great labor and expense, in carrying their explora- 
tions further and further. They still regarded the lands 
they had found as portions of India, though poor portions, 
and believed that the rich portions could not be far beyond. 
Accordingly, when Vasco Nuiiez de Balboa in 1513 crossed 
over the Isthmus of Darien and discovered a great ocean, 
he supposed it the sea that was known to wash the 
southern shores of India; and he therefore called it the 
South Sea. This again was a great mistake; for, instead of 
being the sea washing tlie southern shores of India, it was 
the largest and grandest ocean on the globe; and it could no 
more properly be called the South Soa — though it continued 



4 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

for many years to be known as such — than the Atlantic 
Ocean could properly be called the North Sea. 

In 1520, when Fernando Magellan discovered the straits 
that bear his name and sailed through them into the vast 
expanse of waters to the west, he recognized it as a new and 
great ocean; and, on account of its calmness and smoothness 
in comparison with the storm-vexed Atlantic, he called it 
the Pacific. He not only recognized and gave it a proper 
name; but he also sailed for many thousand miles across its 
broad bosom, and in 1521 discovered the Philippine Islands, 
which were in reality a part of the Indies that Columbus 
supposed he had reached in 1492. But, notwithstanding 
Magellan's discovery that the real Indies, of which such mag- 
nificent and attractive accounts had been told, were at least 
ten thousand miles from America, still the Spaniards 
thought that the two countries stretched out towards, and 
abutted upon, each other; that all the northern parts of the 
Pacific Ocean were dry land, and that all the regions be- 
tween America and India, if not properly parts of India, 
were at any rate quite as rich and populous. 



SUGGESTIVE COKRELATIONS. 

TO THE TEACHER. 

The question — Why was Columbus in search of a western 
passage to Asia? — naturally suggests itself on the reading of 
the second sentence of Chapter 1 of this book. 

It is presumed that the teacher will, preparatory to or in 
connection with the study of the chapter, discuss with the 
class the facts required for its proper answer. 

The following questions involve the answer. If the sub- 
ject, as outlined in them, is already familiar, they will serve 
for a review. 



AMERICA AND INDIA. 4 a 

FOR THE PUPIL. 

(To be studied with the Teacher.) 

1. Name the three routes by ship and caravan over which the 

trade between Europe and Asia was carried on early in 
the fifteenth century. 

NOTE.— See map, Fiske's "History of the United States," 
p. 22, Ciord^^'s "History of the United States," p. 4, or McMas- 
ter's "School History of the United States," p. 10. 

2. What necessity arose for finding- an ocean route to India? 

3. When, by whom, and in what direction, was the first at- 

tempt made to find an ocean route? 

4. In what particulars did the geographers, Ptolemy and Mela, 

disagree about the great continent that they both sup- 
posed existed south of the Equator? 

NOTE.— See maps, Fiske's "History of the United States," 
pp. 24-25. 

5. Why did some inquiring minds shortly after 1471 begin to 

ask whether there could not possibly be a shorter route 
to India than around Africa? 

6. What was the theory of Columbus about a shorter route? 

TO THE PUPIL. 

In not to exceed a half page of foolscap, written upon one 
side only, write three paragraphs upon The Discovery of 
America. 

The paragraphs should contain answers to the questions 
below, which are the same as you have just studied, only 
restated in a dift'erent form. 

Be careful that what you write be not merely a series of 
sentences answering the questions, but a plain and direct nar- 
rative which shall include their answer. 

1. How and by what three routes was trade between Europe 

and Asia carried on early in the fifteenth century? 

2. What necessity arose for finding an ocean route to Asia? 

And when, by whom, and in what direction, was the first 
attempt made to find such a route? 

3. In what way, and about what time, did the difference of 

opinion between the geographers, Ptolemy and Afela, 



4b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

influence the thought of the time to seek a route supposed 
to be still shorter? What theory was advanced for such 
a route, and who was its strongest advocate and first to 
practically test it? 



REFEEENCES. 

TO THE TEACHER. 

It is suggested, in connection with the thought contained 
in this Chapter, that the class be given some idea of the condi- 
tion of Europe before the discovery of America and some con- 
ception of the physical characteristics of the continent as 
affecting historical development. Of course any presentation 
of the subject should be in accordance with the age and grade 
of the pupils. 

In "A New History of the United States" by Horace E. 
Scudder are two supplementary chapters, which discuss the 
thoughts indicated. The titles o? the chapters are: — 

"The Preparation in Europe for the Discovery and Occupa- 
tion of North America," and "The Physical Preparation of 
North America for Occupation by European People." 

A translation of the extant abridgment of the journal, kept 
by Columbus on his first voyage, is Selection No. 17 — "Discovery 
of America" — in Hart's "American History told by Contem- 
poraries," Vol. I. 

A few references should be made to Sources. It is pre- 
sumed the teacher will obtain and make use of such as 
are proper correlations to the thought contained in the various 
chapters. 

The Topics — What are Sources, Educative Value of 
Sources, Use of Sources by Teachers, Use of Sources by Pupils, 
Cautions in Using Sources — are discussed in Hart's "American 
History told by Contemporaries," Vol. I. 



SUGGESTIONS FOR ORAL DISCUSSION OR WRITTEN 
EXERCISES. 

How America was taken for India, and why the Indians 
were called Indians. 

How and why the India-idea led to American explorations. 



CHAPTER II. 



CORTES AND CALIFORNIA. 



When Hernando Cor- 
tes conquered Mexico in 
1521, he entertained the 
same idea that he was 
merely upon the thresh- 
old of India. When he 
found gold and silver in 
not inconsiderable quan- 
tities among the Aztecs^ 
he felt justified in his be- 
lief in the greater wealth 
and barbaric splendor of 
the unknown regions be- 
yond. And he was still 
more confirmed in this 
belief by a report, 
brought him by one of 
his lieutenants, named 
Gonzalo de Sandoval, in 
1524, about an island lying at a distance of ten days' journey 
from the ocean coast west of Mexico, which was said to be 
inhabited by women only and to be very rich in pearls and 
gold. This strange story — which constitutes the first 
account of California that can be found in the old records — 
though it may be doubtful whether Cortes credited it in all 
its particulars, excited his imagination to such a degree that 

(5) 




GONZALO DE SANDOVAL. 

[From " Das Alte Mexiko," by Th. Arnim, 

Leipzig, 1865.] 



6 DISCO VER Y A ND EARL Y VO YA GES. 

he spent the next thirteen years of his life and almost all his 
fortune in building ships and sending expeditions to search 
out the supposed wonderful island, and in collecting and 
finally leading a little army, and going in person to take pos- 
session of it. 

The first of Cortes' ships that steered in the direction of 
California was placed in charge of Pedro JSTuhez Malclonado. 
It sailed from Zacatula on the Pacific in 1528 and advanced 
as far as the Santiago river in Jalisco. Cortes next, 
in 1532, sent two ships, one in charge of Diego Hurtado de 
Mendoza and the other in that of Juan de Mazuela. They 
sailed from Acapulco and proceeded up along the coast as 
far as the mouth of the Mayo river, where a mutiny 
occurred, and Mazuela's ship was sent back with the muti- 
neers. Hurtado proceeded further north and reached the 
mouth of the Yaqui river, where he and his men were killed 
by the Indians. The mutineers in Mazuela's ship met the 
same fate on their way back along the coast of Jalisco. 
Notwithstanding these misfortunes, Cortes sent two new 
vessels from Tehuantepec in 1533. One was in charge of 
Diego Becerra de Mendoza and the other in that of Her- 
nando de Grixalva. They sailed only a short distance to- 
gether and then separated. Grixalva ran out some distance 
into the ocean and discovered the island of Santo Tomas, a 
couple of hundred miles south of Cape San Lucas, but found 
that it contained neither wealth nor human inhabitants. 
Becerra de Mendoza, on the other hand, ran up the coast as 
far as Jalisco, where a second mutiny broke out, which was 
headed by Fortuno Ximenez, the chief pilot of the ship. 
The mutineers, after killing Becerra, compelled his friends 
to go ashore and then sailed with the vessel directly away 
from the ill-fated coast. After being out of sight of land 
for a number of days, they finally discovered what they sup- 
posed to be an island, but was in fact the place now known 



CORTES AND CALIFORNIA. 7 

as La Paz in Lower California. And thus it was that Cor- 
tes' mutinous pilot. Fortune Ximenez, in 1534, became the 
discoverer of California. 

Ximenez, as appears, disembarked on the supposed 
island and was there killed, with twenty of his companions, 
by the Indians. But a sufficient number of the sailors re- 
mained to navigate the vessel back to Jalisco, where they 
gave information of the discovery that had been made, and 
added that the supposed island was well peopled and that its 
coasts abounded in pearls. Cortes, as soon as he heard this 
report, notwithstanding the great losses he had sustained, 
immediately fitted out another expedition consisting of three 
sliips, which sailed from Tehuantepec, and some four hun- 
dred persons with whom he embarked on the vessels at Chi- 
ametla in Jalisco; and, to insure faithful service, he put him- 
self at the head of the adventurers. In May, 1535, he 
landed at the same place where Ximenez had been killed, and 
gave to it the name of Santa Cruz. He at once began inves- 
tigations about the country; but it proved to be the most 
barren and forbidding he had ever beheld. There were a 
few natives, but they w^ere the poorest, most abject, most 
degraded human creatures he had ever met. There were 
also some pearls along the shore, but not a particle of gold 
or silver or other wealth was to be seen. 

In a very short time, on account of the failure of those 
whom he had ordered to follow him with further stoies, his 
provisions ran low. His people began to suffer; and, when 
they began to suffer, they began to complain. He tried to 
console them with the promise of better times to come. He 
said that they had unfortunately struck a rough part of the 
country, but that further on they would undoubtedly find 
wealth and splendor enough to satisfy their most ardent 
longings. He also, as there is reason to believe, called their 
attention to the statements of a noted romance, published in 



8 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

Spain in 1510, affirming the existence of an island, called 
California, which lay "on the right hand of the Indies, very 
near to the terrestrial paradise/' It was said to be sur- 
rounded by steep rocks and almost inaccessible cliffs and to 
be peopled by women who lived the life of Amazons. These 
women were represented as of great bodily strength and 
courage; and it was added that their arms, as well as the 
trappings of the wild beasts, which they rode on their warlike 
expeditions, were entirely of gold — that being the only metal 
the island produced. 

This story, which it will be noticed was in substance the 
same as that told by Sandoval in 1524, Cortes seems to have 
repeated to his suffering followers for the purpose of cheer- 
ing up their spirits. He tried to make them believe that the 
barren rocks and cliff's they saw around them were only the 
surroundings of the wonderful island thus represented as 
lying close to the Indies and near the terrestrial paradise. 
However this may have been, it is certain that he supposed 
the country to be an island and that he gave to it the name, 
previously used in the romance referred to, of California. 
He himself believed it rich, and he made many attemj^ts to 
explore it. But as far as he was able to penetrate, it con- 
tinued to present the same rough and forbidding features. 
It was, in that part of it, a country of rocks and cliffs; its 
scant vegetation mostly thorny; its inhabitants poor, naked 
savages. There was no wealth and no indications of bar- 
baric splendor. Under the circumstances, Cortes, in the 
beginning of 1537, feeling himself obliged to give up fur- 
ther search, returned, with most of his people, to Mexico; 
and he was soon afterwards followed by the remainder. 
And thus ended the first attempt of the Spaniards to settle 
California. 



CORTES AND CALIFORNIA, 8 a 

SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO THE TEACHER. 

The natural outgrowth of the study of this Chapter and 
the succeeding one is the creation of an interest in the previous 
career of Cortes, or in other words, in the conquest of Mexico, 
and incidentally in the half-civilized tribes that existed not only 
in Mexico but elsewhere in America. 

In the following detached sentences, the career of Cortes is 
traced from his birth until he scuttled and sunk his ships pre- 
paratory to his march on Mexico. 

The pupil should be required to combine the detached state- 
ments into sentences, and the sentences into paragraphs. It is 
not necessary that the sentences be of one type. The sentence 
that will express clearly and directly the thought to be con- 
veyed is the one to be used, whether it be simple, complex or 
compound. Of course long and involved sentences should be 
avoided. To get good results, it will be necessary to have the 
children write and rewrite. Criticise papers individually. 
Make free use of the blackboard. No effort shows quicker 
results than patient, painstaking work in English. 

TO THE PUPIL. 

The following detached statements are to be combined into 
sentences, and the sentences into paragraphs. The teacher 
will explain to you what you are required to do, and how it is 
to be done. Do the work so well that you will be prepared, 
when you have studied the succeeding chapter, to complete the 
story of The Conquest of Mexico in the order of the occurrence 
of the events, without reference to the book and without using 
the same expressions. 



THE CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 

Hernando Cortes was born in Medillin, Estremadura, Spain, 
in 1485. He came over to the West Indies in 1504. He served 
with distinction in the expedition sent in 1511 to conquer 
Cuba. The expedition was under command of Diego de Velae- 



8b 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, 



quez. It was sent from the island of Hispaniola. The Gov- 
ernor of Cuba, Velasquez, appointed him in the autumn of 
1518 to command an important expedition fitted out for opera- 
tions on the Mexican mainland. He was at that time Alcalde 
of Santiago de Cuba. Early in March, 1519, he landed at 
Tabasco on the southern shore of the Gulf of Campeachy. The 
natives were unfriendly and fought him. He defeated them. 
He seized a fresh stock of provisions. He proceeded to San 
Juan de Ulloa. From that place he sent messengers to Monte- 
zuma with gifts, and messages in the name of the king of 
Spain. He next founded Vera Cruz, a little to the north of its 
present site. He framed a municipal government for it. He 
then resigned his commission from Velasquez and was at once 
elected Captain-General by his municipality. He sent his flag- 
ship with influential and devoted friends to Spain to tell the 
king. He had his other ships scuttled and sunk. 

1. What is the meaning of Alcalde? 

2. Where is Santiago de Cuba? 

3. Locate the following Mexican states: Tabasco, Vera 

Cruz, Puebla, Tlascala and Mexico. 

4. What is the modern name for the island of Hispaniola? 



THE EXPEDITIONS OF CORTES. 
Complete the Table from the text of Chapters II and III. 



NO. 


EXPLORER. 


SAILED FROM. 


DATE. 


HIGHEST POINT 
REACHED. 


DIS- 
COVERED. 


1. 


Maldonado. 
jHurtado. 
1 Mazuela. 
/^Becerra. 
\ Ximenez. 
^Grixalva. 

Cortes. 

Ulloa. 










2. 




























3. 




















4. 










5. 






1. On Gulf of Cal- 

ifornia? 

2. Coast of Lower 

California? 


1. What 








Port? 
2. What 
Island? 



CHAPTER III. 

THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. 

Cortes had scarcely reached Mexico on his return from 
California, when the whole country became exceedingly 
interested in reported new discoveries in the interior of the 
continent. In 1537 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca and three 
companions, one of them a negro named Estevanico, made 
their appearance on the Pacific Coast and told a remarkable 
tale. They said that they belonged to an unfortunate expe- 
dition, which had in 1528 been conducted by Panfilo de 
Narvaez into Florida; that their leader and all his comrades, 
except themselves, had lost their lives; that they had man- 
aged to escape and, by pretending to be great medicine-men 
and performing a number of cures among the Indians, had 
found means to subsist and pass from tribe to tribe; and 
that, after wandering a distance of more than three thou- 
sand miles and for a period of upwards of nine years, they 
had reached the Pacific and thence came to Mexico. They 
affirmed that they had seen bags of silver and arrow-heads of 
emerald in abundance, and that they had passed nations^ 
and heard of others still further north, which possessed 
great cities and immense riches. 

Cabeza de Vaca's narrative induced a Franciscan friar of 
Culiacan in Sinaloa, named Father Marcos de Niza, to visit 
the nations of the interior, thus said to be so wealthy. He 
accordingly, in 1539, set out, with a number of Indian com- 
panions, and taking along the negro Estevanico as his guide, 
traveled for several months northward into what is now Nev/ 

(9) 



1 DISCO VER Y AND EARLY VOYA GES. 

Mexico. There he heard of a country called Cibola, which 
contained seven great cities, lying close together and con- 
sisting of houses, several stories high, arranged in streets and 
having their portals adorned with turquoise stones. This news 
was brought him by messengers from Estevanico, who with 
most of the party had gone on in advance. As he traveled 
on, he heard more about the seven cities and their magnifi- 
cence, and also about three other great kingdoms, called 
Marata, Acus and Totonteac. But unfortunately, just as 
he was about to reach Cibola — which seems to have been the 
Zuhi country — he heard that Estevanico and all his com- 
panions had been seized by the inhabitants and put to death. 



THE PUEBLO OF ZUNI. 
[From photograph by Taber.] 

On the reception of this sad intelligence, Father Marcos 
was of course afraid to approach any nearer; but, being un- 
willing to retrace his steps without at least a glimpse of the 
place, of which he had heard so much, he ascended the sum- 
mit of a mountain and, looking down from it, beheld the 
famous cities in the distance. There were seven of them, as 
they had been described, lying not far apart, very similar to 
one another, consisting of high houses with flat roofs, seem- 
ingly built of stone and lime, and inhabited by a numerous 
and busy population. Being regularly laid out and white in 
color, they shone in the sunlight, so that the spectator had no 



THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. H 

dilficulty in believing that their portals were adorned with 
precious stones. Upon getting back to the Spanish settle- 
ments, he sent to Mexico a description of all he had seen and 
a highly-colored account of all he had been told, adding 
also that the sea extended much further northward than was 
supposed and that there was a portion or arm of it not far 
from Cibola. 

The report of Father Marcos de Niza produced a fever of 
excitement throughout Mexico. Now, more than ever, it 
was supposed that all former discoveries and conquests in 
the new world would be cast in the shade, and that the 
dreams so long entertained of rich and populous nations — 
and it made little or no difference whether they were of 
India or some other country — would be realized. Not only 
was Cortes fully impressed with the general truth of all that 
was said and fully resolved to fit out a new expedition; but 
two rivals and competitors determined to do the same thing; 
for though Cortes had been named captain-general of New 
Spain, as Mexico was then called, and given the right to 
make discoveries and conquests in any other part of the new 
world, others claimed the same right. The first of these was 
Antonio de Mendoza, the viceroy, and the other was Pedro 
de Alvarado, a former lieutenant of Cortes, who was then 
governor of Guatemala. 

There was no other man in New Spain to compare with 
Cortes in energy; and, long before his rivals could get ready, 
he prepared three ships and dispatched them for the new 
EI Dorado. These he placed under the command of a 
trusted captain, named Francisco de Ulloa, who had been 
with him in California. His instructions were, as California 
was supposed to be an island and as Father Marcos de Niza 
had reported the sea or an arm of it to extend to the neigh- 
borhood of Cibola, to sail in that direction and keep within 
sight of the mainland all the way. Ulloa accordingly sailed 



12 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

from Acapulco in July, 1539. He proceeded up the coast 
beyond the point previously reached and discovered the port, 
now known as Guaymas. where he landed and took posses- 
sion of the country, as was usual on such occasions. Again 
embarking with two ships, for one had been lost on the way, 
he sailed still further up the coast and soon noticed that 
there was land on both sides east and west. After going 
more than a hundred leagues and passing several islands, he 
found that the mountains on each side began to approach 
]iearer and nearer; that the sea became shoal, and that its 
waters, which had been clear, began to grow thick and 
muddy. He ascended to the mast-head of his ship and, see- 
ing in the distant north that the lowlands from east and 
west stretched out towards each other, he satisfied himself 
that he could not advantageously sail any further in that 
direction. 

Being determined to turn round, TJlloa first landed and 
took possession as before. He then ran down along what 
proved to be the eastern shore of Lower California. It soon 
became evident that he was in a gulf; but he hoped and ex- 
pected to find an outlet, among the mountains on the west, 
to the ocean and then continue his voyage northward again 
in accordance with the instruction of Cortes. He, however, 
could discover no passage and, after several weeks' sailing, 
arrived at Santa Cruz, where he had been before. From 
there, after some detention, he resumed his voyage, still sail- 
ing south till he came to Cape San Lucas, the southern point 
of Lower California. This he doubled, and then ran up 
along the coast against cold northwesterly winds, keeping in 
sight of land all the way, until he came, on January 20, 
1540, to a considerable island, now known as Cerros, which 
he called Cedros. There he landed and supplied his vessels 
with wood and water, after which he made several attempts 
to proceed further north. But each time he was driven back 



THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. 



13 



by the northwest winds, wliich grew more and more violent 
and compelled him to remain at the island until April. 

By that time, many of liis companions had become dissat- 
isfied and insisted upon turning back. After some contro- 
versy, Ulloa finally consented that the larger of his ships 
might return; but, being determined to do his full duty, he 
courageously and manfully picked out the boldest and brav- 
est of the sailors; placed them in the smaller vessel, and with 




CASTILLO'S MAP OF LOWER CALIFORNIA. 

[Showing Cabo Del Engano and Ulloa's Route. From Veiiegas' " Noticia de la 
California," etc. The inscription on the map, half Latin and half Spanish, reads 
in English, " Domingo del Castillo, Pilot, made me in Mexico, in the year of the 
birth of our Lord Jesus Christ, 1541."] 

them, while the other :A\\\) turned southward before the 
wind, he again beat up against the northwesterly gales. But 
it seemed to be impossible for him to advance beyond a 
point, about thirty leagues north of Cerros island, which he 
called Cabo del Engano — the Cape of Deceit. By tliat time 
he found that his provisions would not last much longer, and 
he was compelled to abandon the further prosecution of his 
voyage northward. He accordingly turned south and fol- 



14 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

lowed the other vessel as far as the coast of Jalisco, where 
he was basely assassinated by one of his own people. 

With this voyage ended Cortes' connection with Califor- 
nia. He failed to reach the best part of it or find any of its 
wealth. But he performed great and valuable services in its 
behalf. It was under his auspices that ships first breasted 
the waters of the Xorth Pacific; that the west coast of Mex- 
ico was minutely examined; that the gulf of California, 
which in his honor was long known as the sea of Cortes, was 
first made known to the civilized world; that the peninsula 
of Lower California was discovered and surveyed in almost 
its entire extent. His brilliant career in Mexico entitles 
him to a high rank among the conquerors of the earth; but 
it is in his Calif ornian expeditions that is to be found the 
best exhibition of his courage, his constancy and his forti- 
tude. In 1540, after learning the result of Ulloa's voyage, 
he returned to Spain for the purpose of obtaining some 
acknowledgment for the six hundred thousand dollars he 
had expended in recent expeditions. It seems to have been 
his intention, had he succeeded in Spain, to come back to 
America and resume his search in the northwest. But. 
though received, as before, with shows of honor, he was 
obliged to spend the remaining seven years of his life in vain 
solicitations. His great spirit fretted against his enforced 
inactivity, and he died, still unheard and unrequited, at a 
little village near Seville in December, 1547. 



SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

FOR THE PUPIL. 

(To be studied with the Teacher.) 

1. From what place did the expedition led by Narvaez start? 
How was he equipped? At what point in Florida did he 
land? How did he become separated from his ships? 



THE SEVEN CITIES OF CIBOLA. 14 a 

IIow did he pursue his journey? Where and how did he 
lose his life? Where were a few of his men thrown 
ashore? From what point did they start on their wan- 
derings? What do you remember about Narvaez and 
Cortes? 

NOTE. — From the text you see how the experience of 
Cabeza de Vaca served to stimulate in the west the desire to 
explore the interior of the continent. It had the same effect 
in the east. 

2. Who was authorized to conquer and occupy the country 

embraced within the patent of Narvaez? From what 
place did the expedition set out? When? How was it 
equipped? Where did it land? Trace briefly its wander- 
ings. Did he find any kingdoms worth plundering? 
What was the principal event of the expedition? What 
was the fate of its leader? In what famous conquest 
had he taken part? 

3. In what way did expeditions into the interior of the conti- 

nent tend to correct the views commonly held as to a 
northwest passage? 

TO THE PUPIL. 

The following detached statements continue the story of 
The Conquest of ]Mexico. Tliey trace the career of Cortes 
from the commencement of his march upon Mexico until he 
captured the city. Combine them as you did the previous ones 
into sentences and the sentences into paragraphs. The para- 
graphs that 3'ou can form are indicated in the grouping of the 
statements. 

1. When Cortes began his march to Mexico, his force con- 
sisted of 450 Spaniards. Many of them were clad in mail. He 
had half-a-dozen small cannon. He had fifteen horses. The 
horses terrified the natives. 

2. At one place the Spaniards were received as gods. A 
fierce tribe, known as the Tlascalans, did not believe this and 
offered battle. The Spaniards defeated them. The Tlascalans 
then made an alliance with the Spaniards, They did this 
because the Aztecs were their enemies. The allies then 



14b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

inarched towards Mexico. The chief of one town attempted 
to entrap the Spaniards. He did not succeed in doing so. 

3. The Spaniards first saw the City of Mexico, November 
7, 1519. They entered it next day. When Cortes had been in 
the city six days, he seized Montezuma. An attempt was made 
to release him by his brother and two chiefs. Cortes captured 
them and put them in irons. The people did not know what to 
do while Montezuma was alive and in captivity. 

4. The long winter passed in quiet. In April, Cortes 
heard that Panfilo de Narvaez had anchored on the coast with 
eighteen ships and not less than twelve hundred men. He 
had been sent by Velasquez with orders to arrest Cort§s. Cor- 
tes took three hundred men and marched at once to the Coast. 
He left one hundred and fifty men under Pedro de Alvarado to 
guard Montezuma and Mexico. He surprised, defeated and 
captured Narvaez. He enlisted the men in his service. He 
then marched back to Mexico. He arrived there the 24th of 
June. He saw at once that something terrible had happened 
while he had been away. 

5. The Spaniards, left there, had massacred about six hun- 
dred of the people on the day of their spring festival. They 
had done so because they feared an attack. Many chiefs of 
clans were massacred. 

6. As food was needed, Cortes released Montezuma's 
brother to open the markets. Instead of doing so, he called 
together the tribal council. It deposed Montezuma and elected 
him in his place. The Spaniards were fiercely attacked next 
morning. Montezuma tried to stop the attack. He could not. 
The people considered his authority gone. He was struck by a 
stone. He died on the last day of June. On the evening of the 
next day Cortes evacuated the city. The Indians fell upon his 
force in great numbers. It was a terrible night for him. It 
is known in history as "La Noche Triste — The Melancholy 
Night." Cortes wept. He did not for one moment, however, 
give up his purpose of taking Mexico. 

7. In a few days the Indians attacked him in almost over- 
whelming force. He defeated them. He sent to Hispaniola 
for horses, cannon and soldiers. On April 28, 1521, he began 
the siege of Mexico. The fighting was incessant and terrible. 
At last, on the 13th of August, the city was captured. 



CHAPTER IV. 



CORONADO AND ALARCON. 



In the meanwhile An- 
tonio de Mendoza, the 
viceroy of New Spain, 
set on foot two separate 
armaments for the con- 
quest of Cibola, one to 
go by land and the other 
by sea. The first was 
placed under command of 
Francisco Vasquez d e 
Coronado, governor of 
Jalisco, who was ordered 
to follow the same course 
taken by Father Marcos 
de Niza. The second one 
was embarked upon 
ships and confided to 
Hernando de Alarcon, 
with instructions to sail along the coast as far as the lati- 
tude of Cibola and then co-operate with the land army in 
subjugating the country. Coronado marched from Culia- 
can on April 22, 1540, with one hundred and fifty horse- 
men and two hundred infantry, besides some light pieces of 
artillery. He proceeded in a nearly northerly direction over 
a bare and rough region, passing several small streams and 
crossing a number of barren mountains and dry arid plains, 

(15) 




ANTONIO DE MENDOZA, Viceroy. 
[From '* Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 



16 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

until in about a month he arrived at the far-famed seven 
cities. His imagination, as well as that of all his compan- 
ions had been raised to the highest pitch of enthusiasm by 
the account of what Father Marcos de Niza had seen from 
the mountain; but all they could find, upon actually ready- 
ing the place, were several small towns, cojisisting indeed of 
large houses, with flat roofs, but without splendor or beauty, 
and inhabited by only a few hundred people. The coun- 
try, however, was pleasant and the climate delightful. Tlie 
soil in the neighborhood, though generally sandy, was in 
places fruitful and bore Indian corn, beans and pumpkins in 
great abundance. The natives were clothed, some in well- 
dressed skins and some in cotton garments. But there was 
little or no civilization, and neither gold, nor silver, nor tur- 
quoise, nor precious stones of any kind were to be seen. 

Disappointed thus in not finding what he sought, Coro- 
nado proceeded northeastwardly and, traveling a week or two 
longer and passing a number of other towns of the same gen- 
eral character as those he had left, reached a large river, 
which flowed towards the gulf of Mexico. It was in fact 
what is now known as the Eio Grande. The plains along 
this river were covered with buif aloes in such immense herds 
as to be absolutely innumerable. In that neighborjiood he 
heard of a rich country still further north, which was called 
Quivira and said to be governed by a king named Tatarrax, 
who wore a long beard, adored a golden cross and wor- 
shiped an image of the queen of heaven. It is not at all 
likely that Coronado, after what he had experienced, be- 
lieved this story. But still it excited his curiosity and in- 
duced him to search it out. Accordingly, taking along 
thirty horsemen and leaving the main body of his army 
where he then was, he set out for the far north. He trav- 
eled continuously for thirty days more, and during all the 
time was constantly surrounded by bands of bufl'aloes. At 



CO RON ADO AND ALAR CON. 



17 



lengtli he readied Quivira, wliicli seems to liave been situ- 
ated in the nei«j^hborlio()d of tlie Arkansas river and not far 
from tlie middle of the present state of Kansas. But 
though it exceeded Cibola in the fame of its magnitude and 
wealth, it now on examination proved quite as poor and 
inconsiderable; and there was nothing to indicate any king 
or golden cross or image of the queen of heaven in the whole 
country. 




MAP INDICATING PIONEER ROUTES. 

Cabeza de Vaca Coronado »-«- 

Marcos de Niza Alarcon < - 1 - 



By the time he had examined the neighborhood in differ- 
ent directions, the season was considerably advanced and 
Coronado resolved to hasten back. He therefore hurriedly 
set up a cross and inscription, commemorating his progress, 
and then, as rapidly as possible, retraced his steps to where 
he had left his main army. A few of his people, however, 
including Father Juan de Padilla, Father Luis de Esca- 
lona and a negro priest, had become so fascinated with the 
beautiful diversity of rolling hills, plains and streams • at 
Quivira that they determined to remain. T^nfortunately 



18 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, 

they kept with them a horse, a few mules, sheep and poultry 
and some ornaments, which so tempted the cupidity of the 
Quivirans that they soon afterwards despoiled and killed 
them all, except one, a Portuguese, who managed to escape 
and carry the melancholy intelligence of the massacre to the 
Spanish settlements. Coronado meanwhile, having rejoined 
his army, wintered on the Kio Grande river and the next 
year returned to New Sj^ain. His march was one of the 
longest, most difficult and most admirably conducted land 
expeditions of the old heroic Spanish days. 

On May 9, 1510, less than a month after Coronado 
marched from Culiacan, Alarcon sailed with two ships from 
Acapulco. He proceeded, in accordance with instructions, 
up along the coast to the head of the gulf of California. 
There, being brought to a stop by the shallowness of the 
water, he manned two small boats and on August 26 rowed 
into the mouth of a large river, which he named the Buena 
Guia but which has since been, and is now, known as the 
Colorado. This he ascended, in some places dragging his 
boats up against the strong current, and entered into inter- 
course with the Indians upon its banks. After tlius advanc- 
ing a considerable distance, he learned that Cibola was 
thirty days' journey to the eastward of where he was, and 
that Coronado and his army were then there. He immedi- 
ately tried to find means to communicate with them; but no 
one was willing to undertake the long and dangerous jour- 
ney across the country. . He thereupon returned to his ships 
and brought up all his small boats and as many of his men 
as they could carry, intending to march them in a body and 
effect the desired junction. But after many endeavors, find- 
ing that he could not hear anything further of Coronado, 
he at length gave up the attempt; and, a second time drop- 
ping down the river, he re-embarked in his vessels and 
returned to Acapulco. To him is due the discovery and 



CORONADO AND ALARCON. 



19 



part navigation of the Colorado river. He is also entitled 
to the praise of having distributed among the natives various 
European seeds and poultry. But so little did the results of 
his voyage satisfy the exorbitant expectations of the viceroy 
Mendoza that, upon his return, he found himself disgraced 
or at least neglected; and this unworthy treatment so wor- 
ried and preyed upon his 
spirits that he soon after- 
wards died. 

About the time of 
Alarcon's return, and 
while Coronado was still 
absent at Cibola and Qui- 
vira, Pedro de Al\^arado 
collected a great fleet at 
Navidad. He had twelve 
ships and several smaller 
vessels, well furnished 
with provisions. He had 
entered into a compact 
with Mendoza, by the 
terms of which all new 
discoveries and conquests 
were to be at their joint 
expense and for their 
mutual benefit. The two visited the fleet together and made 
arrangements that everything should be in readiness to sail 
in the spring of 1541. But it happened, as the appointed 
time approached, that an insurrection broke out among the 
Indians in the upper part of Jalisco; and, it being important 
that the province which was to constitute the base of their 
operations sliould be secure, Alvarado marched a portion of 
his forces into the rebellious region. While conducting an 
attack upon a rocky eminence where the insurgents had 




PEDRO DE ALVARADO. 
[From "Das Alte Mexiko."] 



20 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

fortified themselves, he was struck by an innnense stone 
rolled down the declivity, thrown from liis horse and so 
severely bruised that he died in four days afterwards. By 
his death the fleet, which remained at Navidad, lost its 
leader; and, there being no one to take his place, the recruits 
disbanded and the ships lay idle at their moorings. Nor 
was it until the next year that these vessels were put to 
any use, when Mendoza, after quelling the disturbance in 
Jalisco, took charge of them. He, besides sending five 
across the Pacific to the Philippine islands, dispatched two 
under command of a Portuguese navigator of great reputa- 
tion, named Juan Eodriguez Cabrillo, to California, with 
specific instructions to continue the examination of its out- 
ward coast beyond what had already been ascertained. 

What was known of California at that time was deline- 
ated on an admirable map of the peninsula, with the gulf 
on one side and the ocean on the other as far north as Cabo 
del Engafio. This map had been drawn in 1541 by Domingo 
del Castillo, the chief pilot of Alarcon's expedition. He 
had evidently had access to the charts of Ulloa, for he not 
only gave the names of many places imposed by that navi- 
gator, but also outlined the coasts that had up to that time 
been visited by no one else. In the shape and size of the 
peninsula, in the position of its headlands, bays and neigh- 
boring islands, and in the relative distances of noticeable 
points, he was surprisingly accurate. And this is all the 
more remarkable, Avhen taken in connection with the fact 
that, for many years afterwards, the new maps that were 
made were not nearly so correct. Almost all of them for a 
century and upwards persisted in representing California as 
an island and for more than two centuries gave it a much 
distorted form. 



CORONADO AND ALARCON. 20 a 

SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO THE TEACHER. 

It is sug-g-ested that the pupil be not required at this time to 
remember the names of any Indian tribes, except those that they 
will name in answer to the fifth question. If later in the study 
of the "History of the United States," any tribe becomes of his- 
torical interest, attention can be called to the stock or race to 
which it belongs. In this way the pupil will ultimately not 
only know the principal stocks or races, but the important 
tribes that belong to each, without having- made any special 
effort to do so. 

FOR THE PUPIL. 

(To be studied with the Teacher.) 

If 3'ou have any difficulty in answering- the questions 
below, refer to Chapter I, Fiske's "History of the United 
States." 

3. Name the three principal g-roups of Indians as they existed 
in North and South America in 1492. 

2. Name one of the tribes representing the division living to 

the west of Hudson's Bay and southwardly between the 
Eocky Mountains and the Pacific Coast as far as the 
northern parts of Mexico. 

3. Name the three stocks or races living east of the Rocky 

Mountains. 

4. Where was the home of the remaining division? 

5. Name two tribes of this division that are of most interest 

to us, and tell where they live, 
f). Of the three principal groups of Indians referred to in the 
first question, which wove excellent baskets? Which 
made pottery, or ornamental pipes or, in case of some 
tribes, coarse cloth? Fine cotton and woolen cloths were 
made by a tribe of which group? Which group had 
dogs? Which group had the llama and alpaca? Which 
lived in wigwams? Which in villages, with houses fitted 
to last some years and large enough to hold from thirty 
to fifty families? Which in pueblos? What two mean- 
ings has the word Pueblo? 



20b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

7. Compare the three groups as to their progress in agricul- 

ture, government, religion, or in any important particu- 
lars. 

8. In a short paragraph, tell what you can of the ancient 

Indians east of the Rocky Mountains. 



REFERENCES. 

A translation from the narrative of Juan Jaramillo, who 
has left the best itinerarj^ of the expedition of Coronado, is 
selection No. 24 — "First Expedition to Kansas and Nebraska" — 
in Hart's "American History told by Contemporaries," Vol. I. It 
is republished from the "Fourteenth Annual Report" of the 
Bureau of Ethnology. It is recommended that the pupils 
read the selection, or that the teacher read it to them, making 
running comment upon it. 

McMaster's "School History of the United States." 
"A New History of the United States," Scudder. 



CHAPTER V. 



CABRILLO. 



Juan Rodriguez Ca- 
brillo sailed from Navi- 
dad on June 27, 1543. 
His two ships were named 
respectively the San Sal- 
vador and the A^ictoria. 
On July 2 he readied 
Santa Craz in Lov/er Cal- 
ifornia. Passing thence 
around Cape San Lucas, 
he ran northwesterly 
along the coast, carefully 
examining it all the way, 
till on August 20 he ar- 
rived at Cabo del En- 
gaiio, now called Cabo 
Bajo, the most northerly 
point on that coast 
reached by Ulloa or 
known to the Spaniards. From that place he sailed into 
untraversed waters. The first place he stopped at was what 
is now known as Las Virgines, where he anchored and went 
through the form of taking possession of the country; and 
he did the same at the bay of Todos los Santos. Leaving 
this place, he passed the Coronados islands and at the end of 
September, 1542, entered the port of San Diego, called by 

(21) 




JUAN RODRIGUEZ CABRILLO. 
[From Art CoUection in Golden Gate Park 
San Francisco.] 



22 DISCOVERY A^'D EARLY VOYAGES. 

him San Miguel, and thus became the discoverer of Alta 
California and the first white man that laid his eyes or placed 
his feet upon its soil. 

After a short stay at San Diego, Cabrillo sailed on and 
discovered and visited the islands of San Clemente and 
Santa Catalina. Turning thence to the mainland, he 
anchored opposite an Indian town on the coast, where the 
natives came out to his ships in numerous canoes, for which 
reason he called the place Pueblo de las Canoas; and there 
again he went through the formalities of taking possession 
of the country. This place seems to have been at or near 
what is now known as San Juan Capistrano. Pursuing his 
voyage northwestwardly, he discovered the islands of Santa 
Cruz, Santa Kosa and San Miguel, and, sailing up the chan- 
nel between them and the mainland, found the coast along 
there to be charming and populous. At one place, opposite 
a beautiful valley, he anchored and traded with the natives, 
who came out in their canoes with fresh fish. But when he 
reached the long, low projection of Point Concepcion, the 
northwesterly winds blew so violently that he deemed it pru- 
dent to run out to sea; and for a number of days he beat off 
and on, without being able to make head against them. In 
the meanwhile the temperature fell; the weather became 
dark and lowering, and the storm increased to such a degree 
that he was compelled to run back some forty leagues and 
take shelter in a little port named Sardinas, in what was 
called by the natives the province of Sejo. It appears to 
have been at or not far from the present Santa Barbara. 
While there he was visited by an aged Indian woman, said 
to be the lady of the land, who remained for several days on 
board his ship. She was attended by many of her people; 
and it appears they all danced there to the sound of the 
Spanish pipe and tambour. 

From Sardinas, after replenishing his stock of wood and 



CABRILLO. 



23 



water, and tlie weather meanwhile moderating, Cabrillo 
again sailed to Point Concepcion, wliieh he doubled, and 
thence proceeded along the coast northwestwardly. It was 
in general rough and rock-bound. On November 17 he 
reached and doubled a })rominent and well-wooded point, 
then named and still called Point Pinos, and ran into what 
was afterwards called Monterey Bay. There he anchored 
and attempted to land, with the object of taking possession. 




POINT OF PINES. 

[From Sketch, made by W. B. McMurtrie In 1851, five miles S. % W. (by 
compass) from Point. Published in U. S. Coast Survey Chart of Monterey Uarbor, 
1852.] 

but was prevented by the violence of the sea. Again pro- 
ceeding still further northwest along a rugged coast with 
high mountains, whose summits happened to be covered 
with snow, he reached Point Afio Nuevo, which he called 
Nieve. He was now, had he only known it, almost within 
sight of the grandest harbor in the world; but, the weather 
continuing stormy and the prospect gloomy, he turned 
around and ran down to the most westerly of the Santa Bar- 
])ara islands, now known as San ]\rigucl though named by 
him Posesion, where he disembarked and determined to win- 
ter. And there, on January 3, 1543, he died, leaving Bar- 
tolome Ferrelo, his chief ])ilot, in command of the expedi- 
tion, with strict injunctions to continue his discoveries and 
examine the entire coast as far as it was possible to follow it. 



24 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

Ferrelo, having buried his dead commander on the 
island and given it the name of Juan Rodriguez in commem- 
oration of the sad event;, set sail for the mainland; but, find- 
ing the northwesterly winds still violent, he was compelled 
to return, and remained there until the middle of February. 
He then sailed for Sardinas, but found that all the Indians, 
apparently on account of the advance of the season, had dis- 
appeared from the coast. The sea also continued rough, 
making the anchorage unsafe; so that he deemed it prudent 
to turn about and run down to the island of San Clementc, 
which offered a better shelter against the rigor of the storm. 
After a short stay at that place, he ran out in a southwest- 
erly direction in search of other islands; but, the winds sud- 
denly changing and blowing strong from the southward, he 
determined to take advantage of them and sailed northwest- 
ward. 

On February 25, he came again in sight of Point 
Pinos, which, however, he passed without stopping. He 
was carried along with such speed that on February 28 he 
discovered a very prominent point, which, in honor of the 
viceroy Mendoza, he called Cape Mendocino, the name which 
it still bears. There, the winds increasing to a violent gale, 
Ferrelo experienced such tumultuous blasts and heavy seas 
that the waves dashed over the ships; and, without being 
able to land or find shelter, he was driven to the northward 
in great risk and fear of being AVTCcked. There were signs 
of the coast not far off; but the fog was so thick that he 
could not see, except a very short distance before him. On 
"March 1, the fog partially lifted, and he discovered Cape 
Blanco in the southern part of what is now Oregon. By 
this time, finding his provisions nearly gone and what were 
left more or less damaged, he felt compelled to turn again 
and ran southeasterly for San Clemerite, where he intended 
to make another stay. But upon approaching that island 



CABRILLO, 26 

in the night, the Victoria suddenly disappeared. Ferrelo, 
believing it lost yet deeming it his duty, without stopping., 
to make immediate search for it, sailed at once for the main- 
land and then down to San Diego, to Todos los Santos, to 
Las Virgines, and to Cerros island, where he arrived on 
March 24 and happily found the Victoria ahead of him. 
That little vessel, as it now appeared, had run over the rocks 
into the port of San Clemente on the night of separation and 
afterwards, not being able to find the San Salvador, had pur- 
sued its voyage alone as far as Cerros. From this place the 
two ships departed on April 2, sorely in want of provisions, 
and on April 18, after an absence of nearly a year, safely 
re-entered the port of Navidad. 

Thus to Cabrillo belongs the honor of the discovery of 
Alta California and to him, in connection with his pilot 
Ferrelo, the credit of sailing along its entire coast and ascer- 
taining its general shape and character. Tlie nature of his 
expedition; the inadequacy of his little vessels, the smaller 
of them not even having a deck; the rigid season in which 
he executed his voyage; the fortitude displayed and the suc- 
cess attained — all stamp him as a daring and intrepid, as 
well as a careful and prudent, navigator. His death in the 
midst of his undertaking imparts a melancholy interest to 
his memory; and the touching solicitude for the prosecution 
of his enterprise, exhibited in his dying injunctions to Fer- 
relo, justifies posterity in rendering the tribute of admira- 
tion to the heroic sense of duty which must have animated 
him. 



SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO TlIK PUPIL. 

1. Make a list of the places on the coast of California at 
which Cabrillo or his chief pilot touched. Locate them 
on the map of California contained in your g-eography. 



CHAPTER VI. 

THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 

The information acquired by Cabrillo dissipated any 
hopes, that may have remained in the minds of the Span- 
iards, of finding India or even a second Mexico or Peru on 
the northwest coast. No indications of wealth could be 
seen; the miserable natives wore no ornaments of gold or sil- 
ver or precious stones, and there were no exhibitions in the 
remotest degree pointing to rich kingdoms to be searched 
out or barbaric splendor to be won. Though the adven- 
turers, in beating up along the sea-board, noticed the beauty 
of the country where they could see inland and caught 
glimpses here and there of some of its delightful valleys, 
and though they could not have failed to observe, notwith- 
standing the winds to which they were sometimes exposed, 
the general equability of the temperature and the glories of 
the climate, they could not appreciate such advantages, be- 
cause these were not what they sought. The country was 
remote; and, as it promised nothing to tempt the cupidity 
or satisfy the avarice of the Spaniards, no further attention^ 
perhaps, would have been paid to California, had it not been 
for other interests springing up in an entirely dilTerent sec- 
tion of the globe, thousands of miles away. 

The interests referred to were those of the commerce 
growing out of the opening of a western passage from Spain 
to the spice islands of the East Indies and the establishment 
of the Spanish supremacy in the neighboring Philippines. 
The Portuguese had already taken possession of Ternate and 
(26) 



THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 27 

Tidore, having reached them by the way of the Cape of 
Good Hope, when Magellan, in the course of his navigation 
across the Pacific, discovered the Islas de Poniente or Islands 
of the Setting Sun, afterwards called the Philippines, which 
he claimed in the name and for the benefit of the Spanish 
crown. Here at last was not only accomplished the sublime 
idea, originally conceived by Columbus and always deemed 
of paramount importance by the Spanish court, of reaching 
Asia by sailing to the west; but here was also afforded to the 
Spaniards an opportunity of effecting a lodgment in, and 
maintaining a claim to, the famous and much-sought East 
Indies, Nor were they backward in taking advantage of it. 
Hardly had Magellan's discovery been announced, when sev- 
eral fleets were sent to follow his course and prosecute the 
Spanish claims in that quarter. In these objects all Span- 
iards took an interest, and for these purposes they were lavish 
of their treasure and their blood. 

After many expeditions had been despatched, immense 
sums of money expended, and great numbers of lives lost, 
Miguel Lopez de Legaspi succeeded in 1565 in establishing 
the Spanish supremacy and imposing the Spanish sway 
upon the Philippine islands. And no sooner had this result 
been effected, than that extensive trade across the Pacific 
by means of Spanish galleons began, which continued for 
over two hundred years: enriched the Spanish treasury, and 
materially aided in making the Spanish nation for a time 
the wealthiest and most powerful in the world. In 1566 a 
galleon, called the San Geronimo, the pioneer in this busi- 
ness, was sent out from Mexico; and the next year one of 
Legaspi's vessels returned thither. The navigation, thus 
commenced, soon ceased to be regarded as extraordinary and 
in a few years, as tlie winds and currents of tlie Pacific 
became better known, communication became frequent and 
regular. The annual galleons out from Mexico carried 



28 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, 



men, arms, unscrupulousness, chicanery and administrative 
ability; returning, they brought spices, silks, oriental treas- 
ures, jewels and gems. 

Why was there a struggle between the Portuguese and 
the Spaniards in reference to the East Indies? And why 
did the Philippine trade take the way of America, instead of 
the Indian Ocean and the Cape of Good Hope? The answer 

to these questions is a 
curious and interesting 
one. It was on account 
of the respect paid by 
both nations to the au- 
thority of the pope. The 
Portuguese, when about 
initiating their voyages 
of discovery along the 
coast of Africa in search 
of a way to the Orient 
had solicited and obtained 
from the Roman pontiff 
a grant, so far at least as 
he could make one, of all 
the countries that should 
be discovered in the 
ocean as far as India, 
inclusive. Afterwards, when Columbus by sailing west 
discovered those islands of America, which he and all the 
world supposed to be a part of India, and took possession 
of them for the crown of Castile, a contest as to their 
title immediately arose between the Portuguese and Span- 
iards; and the result was a reference to the power, upon 
whose donation the Portuguese founded their claims. Alex- 
ander VI., then occupying the papal chair, unwilling to 
offend either party and apparently deeming the world wide 




SPANISH GALLEON. 

[From " Les Marins du XV. et du XVI. 
Sifecles."] 



THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 29 

enough for both, divided it between them and drew the 
famous line of demarcation north and south one hundred 
leagues west of the Cape de Verde and Azores islands, 
giving the Portuguese all east and the Spaniards all west of 
it. This line was afterwards, in 1494, at t!ie instance of the 
Portuguese, fixed by treaty two hundred and seventy leagues 
further west. 

So far all w^ent well. The Portuguese pursued their dis- 
coveries towards the east and took possession of everything 
they could master in that direction; w^hile the Spaniards 
did the same towards the west. But they met in the East 
Indian archipelago; and there the old strife was renewed. 
When Magellan discovered the Philippines, the Portuguese 
claimed them to be within their half of the world, while the 
Spaniards insisted to the contrary. Charts and maps were 
produced and longitudes calculated; but it was found that, 
to arrive at anything like a settlement of the line in that 
part of the world, it was necessary to ascertain the j)recise 
position of the line in the Atlantic, from which the count 
was to be made. Here a new difficulty presented itself. 
The Portuguese claimed it was three hundred and seventy 
leagues west of the most easterly of the Cape de Verde 
islands; the Spaniards that it was to be calculated from 
the most westerly. But, instead of resorting to the pope on 
this occasion, both nations agreed to refer the dispute to a 
convention of Spanish and Portuguese lawyers and cosmog- 
raphers, who met at Badajoz on the borders of Spain and 
Portugal in 1524. The result, as might have been antici- 
pated, was a disagreement. The Spanish judges decided in 
favor of Spain; and the Portuguese protested — thus leaving 
the question of title in the East Indies, as between the two 
nations, a fruitful source of long and bitter contention. 

In addition to the rights of discovery east and west thus 
insisted upon, the same two nations also claimed the rights 



so 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 



of exclusive navigation — the Portuguese oi the route east- 
ward around Africa, and the Spaniards of that westward by 
the way of America. Each, asserting such monstrous 
claims, felt itself obliged to pay a certain sort of respect to 
those of the other. And thus it was that not only the ti^le 
of Spain to her American and East Indian provinces rested 
upon the assumed power of Pope Alexander VI. to give them 




MAP ILLUSTRATING LINE OF DEMARCATION. 



away; but it followed, as a consequence from such assump- 
tion and the division of the world in accordance with it, that 
the Spaniards were excluded from the Indian Ocean and the 
Cape of Good Hope, and their commerce with the East Indies 
was compelled to cross the Pacific. 

What had all this to do with California? The answer is: 
a very great deaL It was soon found that the prevailing 
winds and currents of the ocean between America and Asia, 
while they favored a course within the tropics for vessels 
westward bound, rendered a much more northerly course 
almost a matter of necessity for their return. It was for 



THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 31 

this reason that the richly freighted galleons from the Phil- 
ippines, upon leaving those islands, ran up heyond the 
tropics; then, taking advantage of the westerly winds and 
Japan current, crossed over to about Cape ^lendocino, and 
from there ran down along the coast of California to Mexico 
and thence to Panama. The commerce so established pro- 
duced three results very important to California. First, it 
attracted the attention of English privateers, who lost no 
favorable opportunity of depredating upon the Spanish 
colonies and trade. Secondly, it occasioned a renewal of 
the search for the straits, which were long supposed to con- 
nect the Atlantic and Pacific oceans to the north of Amer- 
ica. And thirdly, it rendered the occupation and as far as 
practicable the defence of the Californian coast, along which 
the Philippine galleons were obliged to pass, a matter of very 
considerable concern. 



SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO THE PUPIL. 

1. In what way did the information acquired by Cabrillo dissi- 

pate the idea, that had been entertained by the Span- 
iards, that they were upon the threshold of India? 

2. If it had not been for interests springing- np in an entirely 

different part of the globe, would any further attention 
have been paid to California? 

3. What interests are referred to? 

4. What nation first reached India by an ocean route? 

5. When, by whom, and in what direction, was the voyage 

made? 

6. Were the Philippines cast or west of the line of demarca- 

tion antipodal to the meridian 370° west of the Cape de 
Verde islands? 



31 a DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

7. If the authority of the pope had been respected, as to the 

division of the world between the Portuguese and the 
Spanish, to which nation did the Moluccas belong"? The 
Philippines? 

8. To what nation do the Moluccas now belong? The Philip- 

pines? The island west of, and the archipelago to the 
southwest of, the Philippines? 

9. Which of the Philippine islands is of the greatest impor- 

tance? What city on its western coast? 

10. Name five commercial products of the Philippines. 

11. Is the fiber known as manila hemp true hemp fiber? Is 

it obtained from a tree or a plant? From what portion? 
How long is the fiber? What makes it cheap? From 
what plant is the fiber knowH as henequin or sisal hemp 
mainly derived? Why is it called sisal hemp? Have you 
ever seen a species of the plant from which this fiber is 
derived? What drink do the Mexicans make from a 
species of it? Locate Sisal in Yucatan, also Merida and 
Progresso. Which has the greater tenacity and endur- 
ance, a rope made of manila hemp or one of sisal? 
Which is the cheaper? 

12. Why is a place where rope is made called a ropewalk? 

Have 3^ou ever read Longfellow's poem, "The Eopewalk"? 
If you have not, do so. 



REFERENCES. 

Chisholm's "Handbook of Commercial Geography," p. 138. 
Romero's "Geographical and Statistical Notes on Mexico," 
p. 49. 

FOR THE PUPIL. 

(To be studied with the Teacher.) 

The answers to the questions below are obtainable from 
Fiske's "The Discovery of America," Vol. 11. The figures after 
the questions indicate the images of the volumes where the 
answers can be found. After having carefully answered each 
question in a complete sentence, combine your sentences into a 
paragraph. The heading — The First Circumnavigation of the 
Earth — might be given to the paragraph. 



THE PHILIPPINE TRADE. 31 b 

1. Of what country was Magellan a native?— 184. 

2. When, with how many men and ships, from what po t, and 

in whose sei-vice, was he when he sailed on his voyage of 
circumnavigation of the globe? — 191-192. 

3. Give briefly the route of the voyage and some particulars 

of it. Include in your statement the first place touched 
after leaving port; the first place touched on the Brazil- 
ian coast; why the mouth of the La Plata was investi- 
gated; why he remained on the Patagonian coast from 
March 31 until August 24; what year it was; the date of 
the discovery of the Straits of Magellan; the course 
taken in the Pacific; and the first group of islands dis- 
covered.— 193-204. 

4. When did he reach the islands since named the Philippines? 

—209. 

5. W^hen, where and how did he lose his life?— 205-206. 

6. How many of his men and ships returned to tell the story 

of the first circumnavigation of the earth? When? — 210. 

7. As an achievement in ocean navigation, how does the voyage 

of Magellan compare with the first voyage of Columbus? 
Can you imagine anything that would surpass Magellan's 



REFERENCES. 

A translation of the bull of Alexander VI. from the Latin 
into black-letter English is selection No. 18 — "Papal Bull Divid- 
ing the New World" — In Hart's "American History told by Con- 
temporaries," Vol. I. It is given in Latin and English, Ap- 
pendix B, in Fiske's "The Discovery of America." 



CHAPTER VII. 



DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 




The jGirst, the boldest 
and the ablest of the 
English adventurers, who 
preyed upon the Spanish 
commerce and settle- 
ments on the Pacific, was 
Francis Drake. He was 
born, within sight of the 
ocean, near Tavistock in 
Devonshire, and from very 
early years took to the 
sea. After several voy- 
ages across the Atlantic 
to the West Indies, in 
which he had many ad- 
ventures and acquired a 
lasting hatred of the 
Spaniards, he resolved to 
fit out a privateering expedition and attack them in the Pa- 
cific. It was a project of the most daring character; but he 
evidently knew what lie was about; and, when he got to work 
making his preparations, he found many prominent persons 
in England, even including Queen Elizabeth herself, to en- 
courage and covertly contribute to his enterprise. 

He sailed from Plymouth, England, on December 13, 
1577, with five small vessels and one hundred and sixty-four 
(32) 



SIR FRANCIS DRAKE. 
[From portrait by William Sharp, after 
Miraveldt, in Supervisors' Chamber, San 
Francisco.] 



DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 33 

men. At Port St. Julien, on the eastern coast of Patagonia, 
where he stopped for a while, he reduced the number of his 
vessels to three, with which he sailed into the straits of 
Magellan; and, after a long and tedious passage, in the 
course of which both his attendant vessels separated from 
him and returned home, he ran out into the Paciiic. Con- 
trary winds drove him southward for some distance; and he 
discovered that the land south of Magellan's straits was an 
island or group of islands, at the extremity of which the 
Atlantic and Pacific oceans met; but, with constant atten- 
tion and able seamanship, he at length succeeded in beating 
up to northward and reached the Spanish settlements along 
the coasts of Chile and Peru. He had now but a single ves- 
sel, of only one hundred tons burden, the name of which he 
had changed from that of the Pelican to that of the Golden 
Hind. But, notv\dthstanding this apparently inadequate 
force, he resolutely attacked the Spaniards in various places; 
seized and plundered several of their vessels between Val- 
paraiso and Arica, and near Panama fought with and cap- 
tured a richly laden ship, called the Cacafuego, from which 
he took gold, silver, jewels and precious stones valued at 
three hundred and sixty thousand dollars. From there, he 
sailed up along the coast, taking several vessels carrying 
spices, silks and velvets, and at one place landed and seized 
still more gold, silver and jewels. 

He then, being laden with spoil, began to think of 
returning to England. In common with nearly everybody 
else of his time, he believed in the existence of a passage to 
the north of America; and he now resolved to seek it and 
find his way through it into the xVtlantic and thence back to 
Plymouth. He accordingly ran far out into the ocean and 
then turned towards the pole; but, after sailing for two 
months and finding the weatlior growing rougher and rougher 
and the seas more and more boisterous as he advanced, and his 



34 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, 



heavily laden ship being ill-adapted for buffeting the con- 
stant head-winds, he thought proper to give up the search 
for the supposed straits and make for land, which he 
sighted near Cape Blanco in about latitude 43°, the furthest 
point northward reached by Ferrelo in 1543. From there, 
turning southward and running down the coast for a stop- 
ping place, he passed the long, projecting promontory of 
Point Eeyes, on the south side of which he discovered "a 




MAP OF DRAKE'S BAY. 
[From Survey of the Rancho "Punta de los Reyes," approved by U. S. Sur- 
veyor-General, November 5, 1859.] 

convenient and fit harbor," now known as Drake's bay; and 
there he came to anchor on June 17, 1579. 

At this place he landed, set up a sort of fortification on 
the shore and remained thirty-six days. During that 
period, which it required to draw up his ship upon the 
beach and thoroughly clean, repair and refit it, he had sev- 
eral interviews with the natives. They were of very low 
grade, and seemed to take the English for superior brings. 
They approached with apparent reverence, bearing offerings 
of feather-ornaments, net-work, bows, arrows and quivers, 



DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 35 

skins of small animals, baskets of roots, seeds and other wild 
food, and little bags of what they called "tabah," probably 
something like wild tobacco. Drake, to disabuse their 
minds of the idea that the English were gods, caused relig- 
ious services, according to the English episcopal ritual, to 
be performed in their presence, in which he and all his men 
knelt and joined in prayers, thus indicating that they were 
all but creatures of the one, only. Everlasting God. After 
prayers, psalms were sung; and with the music the Indians 
were especially delighted. 

On the subsequent June 26, the natives, apparently 
from the entire region round about, collected in con- 
siderable numbers for the seeming purpose of doing 
honor to the strangers, and were marshaled by a tall, well- 
knit and finely-formed man, whom Drake supposed to ])e 
their chief or king. This person wore an exquisite head- 
dress and a mantle of squirrel or rabbit skins, which was 
thrown over his shoulders and hung down to his waist. He 
was accompanied, as is said, by a hundred warlike attend- 
ants. Before him marched a man bearing a stick of black 
wood four or five feet long, to which were attached two 
wreaths or crowns of net-work and feathers, three long 
strings of wampum or shell-work and a bag of tabah. This 
the English understood to be the royal mace or scepter. 
After him followed a multitude of men, entirely naked, with 
their long hair gathered at the back of the head and pinned 
with plumes or single feathers. All had their faces painted, 
some with white, some with black, some with other colors; 
and each bore a present. In the rear came the women and 
children, also bearing gifts. Upon getting near the camp, 
the scepter-bearer delivered an oration in a loud voice and 
then began a song and dance, in which the chief, or hioh as 
he was called, and all his attendants joined. Thus, singing 
and dancing, but with the utmost gravity, they approached 



36 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

the camp; and, after several turns around it, they addressed 
themselves to Drake at great length and in such a manner 
that he seems to have supposed they offered him their prov- 
ince, resigned their right and title to the country and made 
themselves and their posterity vassals to the English crown. 
They appear in fact to have placed a featlier-crown upon his 
head, to have thrown about his neck their strings of wam- 
pum, saluted him with the name of "hioh," and then broken 
out into a song and dance of so loud and lively a character 
that it was deemed one of triumph. 

The whole ceremony appears to have been nothing more 
than an expression of desire on the part of the Indians to 
make the English commander a chief amongst them, includ- 
ing his investiture with the honors and dignities of the sta- 
tion. The English could not understand their language, 
nor was it possible for the Indians to communicate the ideas 
of dominion or vassalage, which were beyond their experi- 
ence or knowledge. On the other hand, the English in gen- 
eral knew nothing of the Indian tribal regulations; but, 
bringing with them only their experience of European insti- 
tutions, they supposed the country to be a kingdom and the 
head-man of one of its numerous rancherias to be its king. 
Whatever Drake's own personal opinion as a man of broad 
observation and wide experience may have been as to the 
real meaning of their actions, he was not disposed to neglect 
so favorable an opportunity of construing them into a ten- 
der of the sovereignty of a vast territory, which might at 
some day be of value and importance to his nativx* land; and 
accordingly he willingly accepted the supposed scepter, 
crown, and royal dignity and took formal possession of the 
country in the name of Queen Elizabeth for the use and 
benefit of the English nation. 

Before re-embarking, Drake and a number of his com- 
pany made a short excursion inland. They found the coun- 



DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 37 

try there very different from the barren shore. Its green 
slopes were covered with thousands of deer and ahnost 
infinite numbers of small burrowing animals, probably 
ground squirrels, but called by the English conies. The 
weather also was much more pleasant than on the immediate 
coast. The excursion being necessarily made on foot, 
extended only a few miles. Some of the pine woods back 
of Point Reyes, and perhaps some of the redwood forests, 
and it may be some of the sheltered valleys, were seen. 
But there were no wide or distant views; and so the English 
under Drake, like the Spaniards under Cabrillo, though 
within less than a days travel of the most spacious and 
magnificent bay in the world, had no idea of its existence. 

Being now ready to sail, Drake set up, by way of memo- 
rial of his having been there and taken possession of the 
country, a large post, firmly planted, upon which he caused 
to be nailed a plate of })rass, engraven with the name of the 
English queen, the day and year of his arrival, the voluntary 
submission of the country by both king and people to Eng- 
lish sovereignty, and, underneath all, his own name. Fas- 
tened to the plate was an English sixpence of recent coin- 
age, so placed as to exhibit her majesty's likeness and arms. 
At the same time, partly on account of the possession so 
taken, but more especially because of "the white banks and 
cliffs, which lie towards the sea," Drake named the country 
New Albion — the word Albion meaning white and being also 
sometimes used as a name of England. He supposed him- 
self to be its discoverer and was not aware that thirty-six 
years previous the Spaniards had passed along the same 
coast and anticipated him. 

On July 23, after many ceremonies of a religious charac- 
ter, singing of psalms and taking farewell of the sorrowing 
natives, he stood out to sea. As liis ship pursued its course 
and lessened in the distance, the Indians ran to the tops of 



38 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 



their hills to keep it in view as long as possible and lighted 
iires, which indicated, long after they themselves could be 
distinguished from the vessel, that they were still watch- 
ful and were still doubt- 
less turning their strain- 
ing eyes and uplifted 
arms towards the depart- 
ing strangers. The next 
morning, Drake found 
himself near the Faral- 
lones, called by him the 
islands of St. James, at 
one of which he stopped 
and killed seals and birds. 
He then ran directly for 
the East Indies, and from 
there sailed by the way 
of the Indian ocean and 
around the Cape of Good 
Hope to England, arriv- 
ing at Plymouth with all 
his treasures on Septem- 
ber 26, 1580, after an ab- 
sence of nearly three years. His great exploit, one of the 
most remarkable ever accomplished, rendered him famous 
throughout the civilized world. Four months after his re- 
turn he was knighted and thus became Sir Francis Drake; 
and the queen, to do him special honor, dined on board his 
ship. 




PRAYER-BOOK CROSS. 

[Erected in Golden Gate Park, San Fran 
Cisco, in commemoration of Christian serv 
ices at Drake's Bay in 1579.] 



SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO THE PUPIL. 

1. In what part of England is Plymouth? 

2. Who sailed from that port for the Atlantic coast of 

America, September 16, 1020? 



DRAKE AND NEW ALBION. 3g a 

3. In what direction from Plymouth is Tavistock? 

4. In what year did Queen Elizabeth ascend the English 

throne? How long- did she reign? 

5. In what respect does the motive that Drake had in making 

his voyage differ from that of Cabrillo? 

6. Of what was he in search when he reached Cape Blanco? 

7. Ho^v many years after the discovery of Drake's Bay was 

the battle of Bunker Hill fought? 

8. In what direction from the Ciolden Gate are the Farallones? 

9. Of what county are they a part? 

10. What use is made of them by the United States Govern- 
ment? 



MEMOEIZE. 

Sir Francis Drake made the second circumnavigation of 
the globe, 1577-1580. 

He discovered Drake's Ba,y, June 17, 1579. 

He held the first Christian service in the English tongue on 
our coast. 



EEFERENCES. 

In connection with this chapter you should read selection 
No. 30 — "The Famous Voyage of Sir Francis Drake about the 
Whole Globe," also No. 31 — "The Piety of a Sea Rover," in 
Hart's "American History told by Contemporaries," Vol. I. 

1. Of what advantage will it be to you to read these docu- 

ments? 

2. Why are such sources of value to historians? 



SUBJECTS FOK ORAL DISCUSSION OR WRITTEN 
EXERCISES. 

The effect of Drake's voyage upon the geographical knowl- 
edge of North America. 

A description of Drake's Bay. 



38 b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

The Prayer Book Cross in Golden Gate Park. 

1. In commenioration of what? 

2. Why placed in Golden Gate Park instead of at Drake's 

Bay? 

3. Its location, the view from it, etc. 

4. The material of its construction. 

5. Something of the man who presented it. 

NOTE. — The inscription upon the cross is as follows: 

"Presented to Golden Gate Park at the opening- of the Mid- 
winter Fair, January 1, A. D. 1894, as a memorial of the service 
held on the shore of Drake's Bay about Saint John Baptist's 
Day, June 24, Anno Domini 1579, by Francis Fletcher, priest 
of the Church of England, chaplain of Sir Francis Drake, 
chronicler of the service. Gift of George W. Childs, Esquire, 
of Philadelphia. 

"First Christian service in the English tongue on our 
coast. First use of the Book of Common Pray^er in our coun- 
try. One of the first recorded missionarj'^ prayers on our con- 
tinent. Soli Deo sit semper gloria." 

The last sentence of the above inscription is in Latin, and 
means "To the only God, let there be glorj- forever." 

If there is some place of historic interest in the State, in 
which you are particularly interested, but which you can not 
visit, write to the Superintendent of Public Schools of the 
County in which it is situated, and ask him to give you the 
names of some school children, who would write you about it. 
You should also offer to describe something in jour neighbor- 
hood, in which they might be interested but could not visit. 



CHAPTER VIIL 



CAVENDISH, WOODES KOCJEKS, AND SHELVOCKE. 



The fame and par- 
ticularly the wealth ac- 
quired by Drake induced 
an English gentleman, 
named Thomas Caven- 
dish, to follow in his 
wake not long afterwards. 
He sailed from Ply- 
mouth on July 21, 1586, 
with three small vessels 
and one hundred and 
|\ twenty-three men. Hav- 
ing passed the straits of 
^Magellan and entered the 
Pacific by the end of Feb- 
ruary, he sailed up the 
west coast of South Amer- 
ica, seized and destroyed 
several small Spanish 
ships, and landed at, plun- 
dered and burned the town of Payta in Peru. Proceeding 
thence to the westerly coast of Mexico, he landed at and 
burned Guatulco and destroyed several vessels in the shipyard 
of Navidad. On September 20, he was at Mazatlan, where he 
abandoned the smaller of his ships; and with the other two, 
the larger of which was only of one hundred and twenty 

(39) 




SIR THOMAS CAVENDISH. 
[From " Lives anrl Voyages of Drake, Cav- 



endish, and Dampier," etc 
New York, 1873.] 



Harper & Bros., 



40 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

tons and the smaller only half so large, he sailed over to 
Lower California to lie in wait for the annual galleon from 
the Philippines. He arrived at Cape San Lucas on October 
14 and remained till November 4, when the object of his 
search hove in sight. Cavendish immediately gave chase 
and, after a long run and a severe conflict, succeeded in cap- 
turing it. The prize proved to be a vessel, called the Santa 
Anna, of seven hundred tons burden, carrying one hundred 
and ninety persons, mostly passengers, including a number 
of women, and a cargo of two hundred and forty-four thou- 
sand dollars in gold, besides large quantities of satin, silk, 
musk and other East Indian merchandise. 

After securing their prisoners, the captors carried the 
prize into a port, called Aguada Segura, on the easterly side 
of Cape San Lucas, where they put the captives on shore, 
transferred the gold and other most valuable portions of the 
cargo to their own vessels, and then set the Santa Anna on 
fire. As they did so, they fired a final gun as a parting; 
knell and sailed away with their plunder. Upon leaving 
Cape San Lucas, Cavendish bore for the East Indies; but 
scarcely had he lost sight of port, when a violent storm 
arose, which separated his ships, and the smaller of them 
was lost. Fortunately for the despoiled and despairing pas- 
sengers on land, the same storm drove the burning prize 
upon the beach and thus afforded them an unexpected means 
of escaping tJieir forlorn situation on a remote and desolate 
coast. There happened to be among them a man, named 
Sebastian Viscaino, who afterwards became a famous navi- 
gator in Californian waters. As he beheld the fiaming hulk 
driving in towards him, he at once organized the forces at 
hand; ran out to meet the promised rescue; boarded the 
fiery pile and, aided by the rain, soon extinguished the 
flames. He found a sound hull and in a short time made 
out of it a sufficiently safe conveyance to transport himself 



CAVENDISH, WOODES ROGERS, AND SHELVOCKE. 41 

and Jiis companions across the gulf of California to the 
S})anisli settlements on the other side, whence all finally 
reached their destination. Meanwhile Cavendish, with one 
vessel, kept on his way across the Pacific. In due time he 
reached the East Indies, whence he sailed to the Cape of 
Cood Hope and on September 9, 1588, after an absence of 
two 3'ears and fifty days, arrived with his spoil at Plymouth. 
He too, like his predecessor, was knighted by the English 
queen, and was thereafter known as Sir Thomas Cavendish. 
It was not for more than a hundred years after Drake 
and Cavendish, that the next great English privateersmau 
appeared in the Pacific and visited California. This was 
Captain Woodcs Rogers, who, no less than they, "filled with 
terror all the coasts of the South Sea." He sailed from 
Bristol with two ships and three hundred and thirty-three 
men on August 1, 1708. The larger vessel was of three 
hundred and twenty tons burden and carried thirty guns, 
the smaller of two hundred and sixty tons and twenty-six 
guns. They doubled Cape Horn about the beginning of 
1709 and at the end of January reached the island of Juan 
Fernandez, which lies in the wide ocean four hundred miles 
west of Valparaiso in Chile. There they found and rescued 
the celebrated Alexander Selkirk, a Scotch sailor, who had 
been abandoned on the island four years and four months pre- 
viously by the captain of an English vessel, named Stradling. 
Pie came on board of Rogers' ship clothed in goat skins, 
looking wilder than the animals whose coats he wore, and 
told the affecting story of his desolation, his melancholy, his 
griefs, his terrors; how he gradually came to recover his 
spirits; his shifts and contrivances; how by the life he was 
compelled to lead he was "cleared of all gross humors'' and 
became as agile and active as the wild goats which he pur- 
sued; how he caught kids, tamed them to be his companions, 
taught them to dance with him and thus while away the 



42 DISCO VER r AND EARLY VO YA GES. 

tedious hours of his solitude — in fine his narrative was the 
original upon which Daniel Defoe founded his beautiful 
and intensely interesting story of "Robinson Crusoe/' 

From Juan Fernandez Eogers sailed for the coast of 
l*eru, where he took and plundered a number of Spanish 
vessels. As he advanced northward he seized the town of 
Guayaquil in Ecuador and held it until ransomed. From 
Guayaquil he sailed by way of the Gallapagos islands to the 
coast of California and there cruised for the Philippine 
galleon, which was expected about the end of the year. By 
that time, more than a hundred years after Drake and Cav- 
endish, during which the Spanish ships in the Pacific pur- 
sued their courses and carried their treasures undisturbed by 
English privateers, the Philippine trade had increased so 
much that the annual galleon or galleons, for there were 
often more than one, carried treasure and merchandise some- 
times amounting in value to ten millions of dollars. He 
arrived at Cape San Lucas on November 1, 1709, and on 
December 21, espied, chased, attacked and, after a desperate 
conflict, captured a richly freighted Philippine galleon 
called Xuestra Senora de la Incarnacion y Desengaho. 

From his prisoners, he learned that a second galleon, 
called the Bigonia, still more richly freighted, was not far 
behind. This also he chased and attacked, but the Span- 
iards fought with great valor and finally succeeded in beat- 
ing off the English. Their success was due principally to 
the extraordinary spirit of the chief gunner, who compelled 
his men to keep up the fight by stationing himself in the 
powder-room and taking a solemn oath that he would blow 
the ship and all on board into atoms rather than allow it to 
fall into the hands of the assailants. After the escape of the 
Bigonia, the English, who had lost thirty men killed and 
wounded and had their rigging badly damaged, repaired 
their vessels and then sailed, taking their prize along, by 



CAVENDISH, WOODES ROGERS, AND SHELVOCKE. 43 

way of the Ladrones, Java and the Cape of Good Hope, to 
England, wlicre they arrived in October, 1711. 

The only other; Englisli privateersman of note that 
touclied on tlie coast of California, though various others 
.sailed into tlie Pacific and depredated upon the Spaniards, 
was Captain George Shelvocke. He left Plymouth on Fel.)- 
ruary 13, 17 J 9, in company with Captain John Clipperton. 
each in command of a ship; but they soon separated and 
each pursued an independent voyage. Shelvocke was far 
from having tJie resolute and commanding spirit of a Drake, 
the strong and determined energy of a Cavendish or the 
unremitting, indefatigable tact of a Kogers. On the con- 
trary, he showed himself to be a bickerer and a blusterer; 
and his vessel appears to have been a scene of almost con- 
tinual dissension and disobedience. Among others with 
whom he disputed and quarreled was his first officer or 
mate, a fellow of morose and gloomy disposition, namo<l 
Simon Hatley, who had been with Woodes Eogers in the 
Pacific and presumed to know a great deal more about the 
conduct of the voyage than his superior. It was this same 
Hatley, and upon this same voyage, that shot the albatross, 
afterwards rendered famous by Coleridge in his ^'Rime of 
the Ancient Mariner." When the ship was attempting to 
double Cape Horn and was buffeting against continuous 
storms of rain and sleet, a solitary black albatross, which 
had apparently lost its way, hovered around and for many 
days accompanied the vessel in its struggles through those 
dreary and desolate seas. Hatley, either regarding the 
bird as a breeder of storm and portent of further ill-fortune, 
or more probably actuated by a spirit of wanton cruelty, shot 
the poor creature. But his hopes of more favorable winds. 
if he entertained any, were not realized; the blast continued 
to blow as fiercely and the waves to roll as tumultuously as 
before; and for a long time it seemed doubtful whether the 



44 DISCO VERF AND EARLY VOFAGES. 

ship would be able to weather the cape. However, after a 
rough and protracted run and suffering great hardships, 
which were rendered still more poignant* by the state of feel- 
ing existing on shipboard, the adventurers finally succeeded 
in reaching the Pacific and meeting smoother waters. 

Shelvocke committed ravages along the coast of Chile 
and Peru; plundered a number of small vessels, and set fire 
to the town of Payta; but his cruise was in nearly every 
respect ill-conducted, and he gained no spoil of much value. 
He lost the vessel in which he had sailed at the island of 
Juan Fernandez, but afterwards seized a substitute from the 
Spaniards, in which he continued his voyage. In 1721 he 
ran north of the equator and met Captain Clipperton, whom 
he had not seen for two years; and the two agreed to watch 
for the next Philippine galleon; but Clipperton soon grew 
dissatisfied and, without giving any notice, sailed for China. 
Shelvocke, finding himself deserted, committed some further 
depredations on the coast of Mexico and then ran to Cape 
San Lucas, where he arrived on August 11 and remained a 
week supplying his vessel with wood and water, after which 
he also sailed to China. There, by various fraudulent sub- 
terfuges as is said, he got rid of his ship and finally man- 
aged, though with considerable difficulty on account of the 
ill-feeling he provoked, to secure passage to London, where 
he arrived in August, 1722. The main spoils he carried 
were the proceeds of his ship. In England, he was arrested 
and prosecuted for piracy and fraud; but, on account of the 
difficulty of procuring evidence of what had taken place on 
the other side of the world and by disgorging, as is further 
said, a portion of his ill-gotten gains, he succeeded in escap- 
ing conviction and fled the kingdom. 



CAVENDISH, WOODES ROOERS, AM) SlIEIA'OCh'E. 44a 

SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO THE I'UI'lL. 

1. What motive had Cavendish, Eogers, and Shelvocke in mak- 
ing their voyages? 

I. From what phice did each sail? 

3. Did either of them touch upon the coast of any part of the 

present State of California? 

4. Who sailed in May, 1497, from the same port as Kogers, on 

a voyage of discovery? 

5. Which of the English privateersmen is described as a 

"bickerer and a blusterer"? Which as having a "reso- 
lute and commanding spirit"? Which as having a 
"strong and determined energy"? Which as having an 
"unremitting, indefatigable tact"? 

C. Make a list of the places on the coast of South America at 
which Drake, Cavendish, Rogers, or Shelvocke touched. 
Locate them on the map of South America contained in 
your geography. 

7. Make a similar list of places at which they touched on the 
coast of New Spain. Locate them on the map facing 
page 6. See if you can find some of the same places on 
the map of Mexico contained in your geography. 

FOR THE PUPIL. 

(To be studied with the Teacher.) 

1. In what latitude is the island of Juan Fernandez? 

2. When, and by whom, was it discovered? 

3. Who was the author of "liobinson Crusoe"? 

4. When was he bom? 

5. When did he die? 

6. When was "Robinson Crusoe" published? 

7. Why has it "stimulated adventure and prompted young 

men to resort to the border lands of civilization"? 
S. Where are the Gallapagos islands? 
0. What is their latitude and longitude? 
10. To what country do they belong? 

II. What description did Charles Darwin make of the animal 

life found on the islands when he visited them on his 
voyage round the world in the ship Beagle? 
12. From what do the islands derive their name? 



44b DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES, 

REFERENCES. 

"Crusoe's Island," by Frederick A. Ober, D. Appleton, New 
York, 1S98, is nearly as interesting as "Robinson Crusoe." It 
is suggested th&t the teacher read the introduction by Dr. 
William T. Harris, United States Commissioner of Education, 
and that the attention of the pupils be called to the appendix. 

"What Mr. Darwin Saw," etc. Harper & Bros., New York, 
1880. 



CHAPTER IX. 



THE STRAITS OF ANIAN. 



The Spanish commerce in the Pacific and more espe- 
cially the Philippine trade not only attracted the English 
privateers, as has been seen, but occasioned a renewal of the 



MARt StTENTRIONALt 




MAP SHOWING SUPPOSED STRAITS OF ANIAN. 
[From Zaitieri's Map of 1566, published in Venice and followed by Ortelin's 
in 1570.] 

search for the straits supposed to connect the Atlantic and 
Pacific to the north of America. A passage of this kind, 
called the "Straits of Anian/' was reported to have been 
found by Caspar Cortereal, a Portuguese, who explored the 
coasts of Labrador in M99 and 1500; and from that time, 
notwithstanding attempts to find it and repeated failures, 
everybody believed in its existence. In the time of Cortes, 

(45) 



46 DISCO VER r A ND EARL Y VO YA GES. 

it was supposed to extend from Newfoundland on the one 
side to the East Indies on the other; and he even possessed 
a chart upon which it was so delineated. The report of 
Father Marcos de Niza of a sea near the Seven Cities of 
Cibola was supposed to refer to the same passage; and it was 
the main object of Alarcon in 1540 to sail into it and 
thence communicate with Coronado. Cabrillo also in 1542 
looked upon it as one of the objective points of his expedi- 
tion; and it was doubtless in the hope and anticipation of its 
eventual discovery that, when he found himself stricken by 
the hand of death, he so earnestly adjured his second-in- 
command to prosecute and complete his voyage. 

The first report of the actual finding of the passage was to 
the effect that Andres de Urdaneta had discovered it about 
1556 and traced its course with great particularity upon a 
map, and that Martin Chaque had also discovered it about 
the same time. In 1574 Juan FernaiKlez de Ladrillero, an 
old pilot, who had navigated the Pacific for thirty-eight 
years, affirmed in a Judicial trial in Spain the existence of 
the passage from one ocean to the other in about the paral- 
lel of Newfoundland. In 1582 Francisco Gali sailed from 
the Philippine islands much further to the northward than 
the track usually taken by the galleons, intending, by skirt- 
ing the coast from China all the way round to Mexico, to 
ascertain whether it was continuous or not. Had he fol- 
lowed this course, he would have done great service and his 
name would have come down proudly in the first rank of 
discoverers. But he did not carry out his intentions. He. 
merely found, in the course he took, a spacious extent of 
sea. But the waters were of great depth, with strong cur- 
rents from the north and filled with whales and such kinds of 
fish as are said to frequent canals; and from these cir- 
cumstances he affi.rmed the existence of, and expressed his 
belief in the straits, though he did not pretend to have seen 
them. 



THE STRAITS OF ANIAN. 47 

It was reserved for a Portuguese, named Lorenzo Ferrer 
de Maldonado, to put the finishing touch of fabrication 
upon the stories about the straits of Anian. He pretended 
to have sailed from Lisbon to Labrador in 1588 and thence 
by a direct passage into the Pacific and back again. Accord- 
ing to his account, the navigation from Portugal to China 
by that route could be made in three months; and, not being 
chary of particulars, he gave every crook of his reported 
channel, with courses, distances, widths, currents and winds, 
and a minute description of the land on both sides. His 
fabrications do not appear to have imposed upon the world 
at the time; but they were revived some two hundred years 
afterwards by the finding of copies of his papers, and many 
persons, who ought to have known better, believed in them. 
Drake, in the course of his voyage across the Pacific, upon 
occasion of a quarrel with his chaplain, compelled the poor 
parson to wear a badge with the inscription, "Francis 
Fletcher, ye falseth knave that liveth.*' A badge and 
inscription of this kind would have been much more appro- 
priate for Maldonado, unless, perhaps, he ought rather to be 
regarded as a man of unsettled mind, more an object of pity 
than reproach. 

Next in celebrity of those, who pretended to have navi- 
gated and to give a particular description of the supposed 
straits, was a Greek pilot, named Apostolos Valerianus, but 
more commonly known as Juan de Fuca. He said of him- 
self that he had followed the sea for nearly forty years in the 
service of Spain until the autumn of 1587 when, with Sebas- 
tian Viscaino, he was taken, by Cavendish, in the Philippine 
galleon Santa Anna off Cape San Lucas. He said he had 
been robbed on that occasion of goods worth sixty thousand 
ducats. He added that he had at once proceeded to Mexico; 
and that, it beins: then supposed that Drake and Cavendish 
had reached the Pacific by the straits of Anian, two sepa- 



48 DISCO VER Y AND EA RL Y VO YA GES. 

rate expeditions had been sent out from New Spain to re- 
discover and fortify them and thus prevent any further 
ingress, by that passage, of English privateers. He had been 
pilot of the first of these expeditions, which failed on 
account of mutiny; but in the second, which took place in 
,1592 under his own command, he had sailed up along 
the coast of New Spain and California to latitude 47° 
north, where he found an inlet thirty or forty leagues 
wide, which he entered and navigated eastwardly for twenty 
days. He said he had passed a number of islands, found 
the natives clothed in the skins of wild beasts and the coun- 
try fruitful and rich in gold, silver and pearls. He finally 
reached the Atlantic Ocean; and then, having thus accom- 
plished his jnission, he turned round and returned to Mex- 
ico and claimed pay for his services, which, however, he 
never received. Such was his story; and there was plainly 
little, if any, more truth in it than in that of Maldonado; 
;but some two hundred years afterwards, when the subject of 
the northwest coast was largely discussed on account of the 
discovery of the great inlet leading into Puget Sound, which 
was found io correspond in many respects with the old 
pilot's account of the Avestern end of his passage, the name of 
Juan de Fuca was given to it and thus rescued from 
oblivion. 

In 1595, thirteen years after the voyage of Gali from the 
Philippines, there appears to have been sent out from the 
same islands by the governor, at the instance of the king of 
Spain, a ship called the San Agustin. The object was to 
examine the same coasts which it had been Gali's purpose to 
skirt along and investigate. The vessel was intrusted to the 
command of Sebastian Rodriguez Cermehon. But where he 
went and v/hat he saw were never known, for the reason that 
the ship with all on board was lost. It was afterwards ^re- 
ported to have reached what is now known as the bay of San 



THE STRAITS OF ANIAN. 49 

Francisco and to liave been there driven on shore and broken 
to pieces. And it was also said that Viscaino in 1603 entered 
the same bay for the purpose of seeing whether he could not 
find the rcinnants of the old ship thus wrecked. But when 
it is considered that the present bay of San Francisco was 
not known until nearly two hundred years after the voyage 
of the San Agustin, and that Viscaino certainly never en- 
tered it for any purpose, it is plain that the reported wreck 
in that bay must be classed with the stories of Maldonado 
and De Fuca. 

At the same time the facts, that such stories were con- 
cocted and told and that Gali and Cermenon sailed, indi- 
cate that the belief in the straits of Anian continued to 
have a hold upon tlie public mind. And it became more 
and more plain to the Spaniards that, if this belief were well 
founded, their commerce in the Pacific would be exposed to 
great dangers. If the English and other enemies of Spain 
could find so short a way into the Pacific, it was obviously 
of the first importance to provide stations for the pro- 
tection of ships engaged in trade, or, still better, to seize 
upon and fortify the passage itself. As there was, so far, no 
settlement of any kind along the entire coast of California, 
the importance of the occupation of that coast, as a prelim- 
inary to that of the supposed straits further north, became 
more and more apparent. It was under these circumstances 
that a new expedition, including an attempt to settle Cali- 
fornia, was determined on; and Sebastian Viscaino, the same 
man who had been taken prisoner by Cavendish at Cape San 
Lucas in 1587 and was so prompt and handy and successful 
in saving himself and his companions, was named leader of 
the expedition. 



49a DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO THE TEACHER. 

The idea of a northwest passage was one of the conse- 
quences of the voyag-e of Magellan. That voyag-e, with preced- 
ing ones, proved that the coast line of what we call America 
was continuous from the St. John's River in Florida to the 
Straits of Magellan. 

The aim of the following questions is to show this to be the 
fact. They are not to be considered as exhaustive, but only 
suggestive. It is expected that additional ones will be asked, or 
that some will be omitted, as may be determined by the age and 
capabilities of the pupils, and whether the chapter is being 
studied for the first time or is being reviewed. 

FOR THE PUPIL. 

(To be studied with the Teacher.) 

1. Who landed a little north of the site of St. Augustine in 

Florida on Easter Sunday, March 27, 1513? Of what was 
he in search; and in what direction, and how far, did he 
follow the coast line of that peninsula? 

2. What portion of the coast of North America did Pinzon 

and Solis visit in 1498? Who was one of the pilots and 
chief cosmographers of the expedition? Why was the 
voyage not followed up, and why did it come to be 
nearly forgotten? 

3. Who determined in 1519 that Florida was not an island by 

following the coast as far as Tampico, and, on returning, 
discovered the Mississippi river? 

4. Why did this voyage increase the interest in the country to 

the northward? Why did Magellan's voyage? 

5. Who was sent by the Spanish government to the Straits of 

Magellan in 1525? What discovery was made by one of 
the vessels, and whj^ did it not attract general attention? 

6. What did Drake determine about the land south of Magel- 

lan straits? 

7. Did Magellan sail around the southern extremity of South 

America? Did Drake? 

8. After whom was the southern extremity of South America 

named ? Why ? 



^HE STRAITS OF ANIAN. 49 b 

TO THE TEACHER. 

The aim of the following- questions is to trace the search of 
the northwest passage on the Atlantic coast from the first 
attempt until the modern era of Arctic exploration. 

FOR THE PUPIL. 

(To be studied with the Teacher.) 

1. When and by whom was the first attempt made to find a 

northwest passage? What river and bay did he try in 
the hope of finding- a passage? 

2. When and about where did the same man attempt to build 

a town? What did he call the place he built, and what 
was its fate? 

3. Along what portion of the Atlantic coast did Estevan 

Gomez sail? What was the date of his voyage? What 
inlets did he notice? 

4. Name the French navigator who preceded Gomez. W^hen, 

and where, did he first sight land? In what direction did 
he skirt the coast? Give some particulars of his voyage. 

5. Why did the search for the northwest passage become 

restricted to the Arctic regions? 
G. What was the result of the search in Arctic waters by Sir 
Martin Frobisher? By John Davis? 

7. Were any attempts made to find a northern passage around 

Siberia into the Pacific? 

8. In whose service had Hudspn been, before his voyage of 

1609? How many voyages had he made previous to that 
date? What direction had he taken in his previous 
attempts? In whose service was he when he made his 
final voyage? What was his fate? Why did his attempts 
limit the search to the only really available route? 

9. Who resumed the search in 1015? 

10. Who opened the modern era of Arctic exploration? 



PtEFEKENCES. 

A translation of the account of the voyage of the navigator 
referred to in the fourth question, written by himself, is con- 
tained in Hart's "American History told by Contemporaries," 
Vol. I. It is selection 34 and is entitled — "A Voyage Along the 
Atlantic Coast." 

Fiske's "The Discovery of America," Vol. IT, Chapter XIT. 



CHAPTER X. 



VISCAINO. 



Viscaino sailed, with 
three ships, from Aca- 
pulco in the spring of 
1596. He carried a num- 
ber of soldiers and set- 
tlers, and also four 
priests. He proceeded 
to Mazatlan and thence 
crossed to the place 
theretofore known a s 
Santa Cruz, where Cor- 
tes had attempted to 
make a settlement sixty 
years before. There he 
established a camp, built 
a stockade, erected a 
SEBASTIAN VISCAINO. Small church, put up a 

[From Art Collection in Golden Gate Park, HUmbcr of huts, and thuS 

San Francisco.] made a beginning of 

what was intended to be a 
permanent occupation. The place seemed so pleasant and 
the neighboring natives so peaceable that he called it La 
Paz — a name which it has ever since borne. But, on 
account of its rocks and small extent of cultivable ground, 
he soon recognized the fact that it was not suited for the 
purposes of a large colony; and he therefore despatched one 
( 50:) 




VISCAINO. 51 

of his vessels with a launch up the gulf to search for a more 
favorable location. Tliis ship proceeded up the coast a hun- 
dred leagues and landed a party of about sixty soldiers to 
examine the country. Finding it no better than other 
places, which they had passed, they commenced re-embark- 
ing, when they were attacked ])y the natives. A fight 
occurred in which, though many of the Indians were killed, 
nineteen of their own number lost their lives, some by 
drowning and some by the hands of their assailants. On 
account of this sad event and its failure to find what it 
sought, besides scarcity of provisions, the ship turned round 
and ran back to La Paz. Meanwhile the colonists there 
had A'ery nearly exhausted their stores; and, as there was no 
possibility of obtaining supplies anywhere upon that coast, 
Viscaino resolved to abandon the country and, re-embarking 
with all his remaining people, returned to New Spain about 
the end of the same year 1596. 

Notwitnstandin^ the ill-success of the last expedition, 
the Spanish crown determined upon a new one in the same 
direction. But this one was rather with the object of explora- 
tion along the coast of California than of actual settlement. 
Eeports of the existence of the straits of Anian were still rife; 
and it was resolved, if possible, to find out the truth. By 
order of the king, accordingly, a new outfit, consisting of 
two large and two small vessels, was prepared by Gaspar de 
Zuhiga, Conde de Monterey and viceroy of New Spain, and 
placed under the charge of the same Sebastian Viscaino. 
Upon this, which is known as his second voyage to Califor- 
nia, Viscaino sailed from Acapulco on May 5, 1602. He 
proceeded up the coast to the parallel of Cape San Lucas, 
when he crossed the gulf and anchored in the bay known at 
one time as Aguada Segura, at another as Puerto Seguro, by 
him called San Bernarbe and now known as San Jose del 
Cabo. From there he sailed on July 5 and carefully ex- 



62 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 



amined Magdalena bay, Cerros island and every other place 
that seemed to offer promise of advantage for settlement; but 
found none until he came to San Diego, where he arrived .on 
INrovember 10 and remained ten days. Some of his people 
went up the promontory now known as Point Loma, which 
separates the harbor from the ocean and shields it from the 

northwest winds; and tak- 
ing in a view of the entire 
port, they pronounced it 
one of the finest character 
and very extensive. 

Thence Viscaino pro- 
ceeded to the island, dis- 
covered by Cabrillo and 
called by him Victoria .but 
by Viscaino, on account of 
the day on which he ar- 
rived there, given its pres- 
ent name of Santa Catalina. 
lie found many Indians 
there, having large dwell- 
ings and numerous ranch- 
erias, with admirably con- 
structed canoes, wear i n g 
clothing of seal-skins and 
being expert seal-hunters 
and fishermen. There were 
many things of interest on the island; but the most extraordi- 
nary were a sort of temple, consisting of a large circular place 
ornamented with variously colored feathers, and an idol in 
the center supposed to represent the devil and having at its 
sides representations of the sun and moon. When the Span- 
ish soldiers, who were conducted by an Indian, arrived at 




COUNT OF MONTEREY, Viceroy. 
[From " Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 



VtSCAlNO. 53 

the spot, they found two extraordinary crows, much larger 
than common, which, upon their approach, flew away and 
perched on neighboring rocks. Struck with their great size, 
the soldiers shot and killed both, whereupon their Indian 
guide began to utter the most pathetic lamentations. The 
birds seem to have been worshiped, or at least treated with 
the utmost care and respect. The Indians, besides their hunt- 
ing and fishing, carried on a sort of trade with their neigh- 
bors of the mainland in small native tubers, called gicamas, 
with which the island abounded. They and their neighbors 
of the Santa Barbara channel were more advanced in the arts 
of Hfe and more affable and agreeable than the other Indians 
of California. 

From Santa Catalina, Viscaino passed to several of tlie 
neighboring islands and thence to the mainland near Point 
Concepcion. There he was visited on his ship by an Indian 
chief or head of a rancheria, whom he supposed to be king 
of the country. This chief appeared anxious to induce the 
Spaniards to land and was even supposed, like the chief with 
whom Drake treated at Point Reyes, to offer them his coun- 
try and its sovereignty. Another of his offers was to give 
each one of the Spaniards, that would remain, ten wives who 
would work for and wait upon him. The proposition occa- 
sioned much merriment among the soldiers and sailors; but 
Viscaino did not think proper to accept the proffered hos- 
pitalities, and sailed on. Passing around Point Concepcion 
and running up the coast, he, on December 15, 1602, arrived 
at Point Pinos and came to anchor in the bay formed by its 
projection. Upon examination he found it a good port, 
with a pleasant and fertile neighborhood; and, on account of 
these advantages and in honor of the viceroy, under whose 
auspices he sailed, he gave it the name of Monterey. 

By this time he found himself in very straightened con- 
dition. Many of his people were sick and his provisions 



54 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

nearly exhausted. He therefore deemed it prudent to send 
back one of his vessels for the purpose not only of carrying 
the invalids but also of soliciting reinforcements and pro- 
curing supplies. As soon as it was gone, he and those who 
remained with him fitted up barracks on shore and busied 
themselves in furnishing the ships with wood and water. 
They also set up a kind of chapel under an immense oak- 
tree, whose spreading branches almost overhung the beach 
and by the roots of which flowed abundant springs. The 
aspect of the country was delightful. He and his men made 
a short excursion inland and found the plains full of game — 
elks, whose horns measured three yards across, deer, hares, 
rabbits, geese, ducks and quails, besides other beasts and 
birds in great numbers. There were also bears, the prints 
of whose feet were nine inches broad. Throughout the 
country there were numerous Indians, but they were all 
friendly and well disposed. 

On January 3, 1603, he set sail again with two vessels 
and proceeded in search of Cape Mendocino. A favorable 
wind drove him up to the neighborhood of Point Eeyes; but 
there a storm came on, which separated the ships; and they 
did not meet again until after the end of their respective 
voyages. Viscaino in his ship seems to have anchored, un- 
til the storm had somewhat abated, either in Drake's bay 
or some one of the indentations of the coast near Point 
Reyes. He then sailed northwest again and on January 12 
arrived off Cape Mendocino. There the storm, coming on 
with redoubled fury, lashed the sea into foam; and the mists 
and clouds, settling down, shut out the view of earth and 
sky and covered everything with murkiness and obscurity. 
Only two of his sailors remained well enough to climb the 
shrouds; and his ship was driven through the darkness, al- 
most at the mercy of the raging elements, until he reached 
latitude 42° north. His experience of those stormy waters 



VISCAINO. 55 

was similar to that of Drake and Ferrelo. On January 20, 
the wind shifting to the northwest and the weather clearing 
up, he was in sight of Cape Blanco; but there, finding it im- 
possible on account of the condition of his crew to proceed 
any further, he turned round and, running down the coast, 
on March 21, 1603, arrived at Acapulco. 

The other vessel, which had separated from Viscaino at 
Point Reyes, was under command of Martin de Aguilar. 
It appears to have been driven northward to about lati- 
tude 43°, where, finding what appeared to be the mouth 
of a large river, Aguilar attempted to run in, but was 
prevented by the strength of the current. This supposed 
river he seems to have regarded as the western entrance of 
the straits of Anian, which was said to lead up past the city 
of Quivira into the x\tlantic; and some geographers of sub- 
sequent years so delineated it on their maps under the name 
of the river of Martin de Aguilar. Instead, however, of 
sailing into and determining the truth in reference to the 
river, if he found one, Aguilar appears to have at once 
turned round and sailed with the news of his discovery for 
New Spain. His ship reached the port of Xavidad on Feb- 
ruary 26, nearly a month before Viscaino reached Acapulco; 
but Aguilar himself, his chief pilot and most of his compan- 
ions died on the passage. 

Upon his return to Mexico, Viscaino made a full and 
minute report of what he had seen in California and partic- 
ularly at Monterey, and solicited an opportunity of return- 
ing with sufficient and proper supplies and making a per- 
manent settlement. Being referred for an answer to the 
king, he went to Spain, and for a long time endeavored in 
vain to interest the court in his project for another and bet- 
ter prepared expedition. But while he had a heart for bat- 
tling against the tempests of the sea, he became discouraged 
in struggling against the neglect and slights to which he 



56 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

was subjected at Madrid, and returned disappointed to New 
Spain, with the intention of spending the rest of his days in 
retirement. Hardly, however, had he reached the retreat he 
sought, when the king, Philip III., on August 19, 1606, issued 
two cedulas or mandates, one directed to the viceroy of Xcw 
Spain and the other to the governor of the Philippine islands, 
ordering a new expedition under the command of Viscaino 
for the occupation and settlement of Monterey, as a sort of 
half-way station between Mexico and Manila, for the benefit 
of the Philippine commerce. It may be imagined with 
what satisfaction the old navigator in his retirement heard 
of the new turn affairs had taken, and with what zeal he pre- 
pared to resume the labors of his youth. But, alas, his years 
were many; a life of toil and privation had made sad inroads 
upon his constitution; his strength was unequal to further 
efforts. He succumbed to his infirmities; and, as there was 
no one else to take his place, all prospects of carrying out the 
designs he had done so much to encourage and promote died 
with him. 



SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO THE PUPIL. 

1. ^Miat was the object of the first expedition of Viscaino? 

Of his second? 

2. Make a list of the places touched by him off the coast of 

what is now California. 

3. What island off the coast of California did he rename? 

4. What rivers in the vicinity of Cape Blanco? 

5. Can vessels at the present time ascend the rivers in that 

vicinit}'? 

6. What was to have been the purjiose of the third expedition 

by Viscaino? 



CHAPTKll XL 

THE PEARL FISHERS. 

The directions, given by Philip III., for a third voyage 
by A^iscaino, provided, in the event of the death of that com- 
mander, that the enterprise should be prosecuted by his sec- 
ond in command. But these instructions were never carried 
into effect. The Philii)pine galleons still pursued their ac- 
customed nortliern track; but nothing whatever was done to 
provide them stations, so much needed for refuge and supply, 
along the extensive line of coast from Cape Mendocino to 
Cape San Lucas. So far as that track extended northward, 
the sea had been carefully examined and mapped. But be- 
yond, all was unknown. The voyage of Yiscaino had not 
cleared up the vexed question in reference to the straits of 
Anian, while the report of his lieutenant Aguilar had left it 
in even greater uncertainty than before. All that was 
known was that there existed a vast region of deep ocean 
north of the parallel of Cape Mendocino; but so confused 
and contradictory were the accounts of it that it became a 
favorite region for writers of monstrous fictions. It was 
there that Lord Bacon located the scene of his Xew Atlan- 
tis; there loo that Dean Swift fixed the country of his gigan- 
tic Brobdingnagians. 

It is said that the Spaniards, after the discovery of the 
straits of ^fagellan, with the object of deterring other nations 
from sailing in that direction and interfering with their pos- 
sessions on the new ocean, reported a swift and constant 
current sweeping from east to west through that passage, 

(57) 



58 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

Avhich would easily drive vessels from the Atlantic into the 
Pacific, but would not admit of their return. This report 
was common in the time of Drake; but that bold navigator 
paid no attention to it, or, if he did, found that it was not 
true in fact. Cavendish also, as has been seen, followed 
Drake's track through the straits, and afterwards a number 
of other enemies of Spain took the same course. The Dutch 
especially — and particularly after their navigators Lemaire 
and Van Schouten had in 1616 opened the newer and more 
practicable route from ocean to ocean around Cape Horn — 
swarmed into the Pacific; and a portion of them, becoming 
corsairs and pirates, for a number of years infested the gulf 
of California. Choosing the western coast of New Spain as 
the safest theater of their depredations, they fixed their head- 
quarters in the bay of Pichilingue immediately north of La 
Paz — they themselves being called Pichilingues; and from 
there they made descents upon and devastated the exposed 
settlements to the southward. 

After Yiscaino, the first Spaniard, who sailed from New 
Spain for California, was Juan Iturbi. This was in 1615. 
He had two vessels, one of which was taken by the Dutch 
Pichilingues. With the other, he sailed up the gulf of Cali- 
fornia nearly to its head, and at various points stopped and 
collected pearls from the Indians. On his return as far as 
Sinaloa, he was ordered to Join the then due Philippine gal- 
leon and protect it from the pirates, from whom it was in 
imminent danger. He accordingly ran across to Cape San 
Lucas; awaited the galleon, and convoyed it safely to Aca- 
pulco. Thence Iturbi proceeded to Mexico and threw that 
city into a state of great excitement by the exhibition of the 
pearls he carried with him. They were many in number 
and some very large and beautiful. One in particular was 
estimated to be worth nearly five thousand dollars — a sum of 
much greater value in those days than now. But most of 



THE PEARL FISHERS. 



59 



his pearls were more or less damaged, owing to the fact that 
the Indians were accustomed to throw the unopened shells 
into the fire for the purpose of roasting the oysters. 

The success of Iturbi induced many others to make ex- 
peditions to the gulf with the sole object of gathering pearls; 

and those who were most 
successful in plundering 
the Indians enriched 
themselves. These facts 
becoming known attracted 
public attention to the 
Calif ornian pearl fisheries; 
and in a short time the 
Spanish government, see- 
ing an opportunity of 
creating a new source of 
revenue, interfered and 
assumed control of them. 
Instead, however, of ju- 
diciously enco u r a g i n g 
private enterprise, such 
as might have led to the 
founding of stations and 
settlements, it imposed 
invidious restrictions and 
created a monopoly, which served to exclude colonists and 
effectually closed the country against immigration. This 
was the policy of Philip IV., who had succeeded to the 
Spanish throne in 1616; and there was no lack of compet- 
itors for the advantages expected to be derived from so rich 
and comparatively untouclied a field. The most fortunate 
or adroit of tliese was Francisco de Ortega, who in 'due time 
received the royal license and set about preparing to enjoy 
the fruits of his monopoly. 




PHILIP in., KING OF SPAIN. 
[From "Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 



60 DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

Ortega sailed for California in 1632. He visited chiefly 
the coast between San Lucas and La Paz and collected 
pearls in large quantities. He made a second voyage in 
1G33 and another in 1634, and was successful in each. He 
appears to have been a man of considerable intelligence and 
urged upon the government the importance of occupying 
and permanently settling California. But while thus indulg- 
ing in magnanimous projects, his chief pilot, one Estevan 
Carboneli, was secretly carrying on an underhanded negotia- 
tion on his own behalf with the viceroy of New Spain, the 
result of which was that Ortega lost the monopoly and Car- 
boneli acquired it. Carboneli made a single voyage in 1636; 
but it was not remunerative; and, upon his return to Mexico, 
he fell into general and well-merited contempt. 

The next of the pearl-fishers Avas Pedro Portel de Cas- 
anate. He succeeded, in 1610, in obtaining from the govern- 
ment a commission for the full exploration of the gulf of 
California, together with the exclusive privilege of navigat- 
ing and trading in its waters. He was unable, however, on 
account of various obstacles, to get ready for his voyage be- 
fore 1648, when he sailed with two vessels and made a com- 
plete round of the gulf. But he found nothing to justify 
his expectations and, returning a disappointed man, aban- 
doned his monopol}' and all rights and privileges connected 
with it. He was followed by Bernardo Bernal de Pihadero. 
who sailed in 1664. Piiiadero devoted himself exclusively to 
the collection of pearls and exercised great tyranny and 
cruelty against the Indians, whom he compelled to dive and 
fish for him. His outrages became at length so intolerable 
that the Indians rose in revolt; and there was such frequent 
bloodshed that he soon found it prudent to return to Mexico 
with the booty he had managed to collect. He made a sec- 
ond voyage in 1667; but it was a failure. In 1668, Francisco 
Luzenilla received a license and made a voyage; but he also 



THE PEARL FISHERS, 61 

became involved in difiicultics with the Indians, originating 
probably in the memory of the oppressions of Pihadero; and, 
after a number of vain efforts to establish peaceable rela- 
tions, he too abandoned the monopoly and left the pearl- 
fisheries open to the small unlicensed adventurers from the 
opposite shores of Sinaloa. 



SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO THE rUl'IL. 

1. Were the directions of Philip III., for the third expedition 

of Yiscaino, carried out? 

2. Why was the route from the Atlantic to the Pacific around 

Cape Horn regarded as more practicable than that 
throug"h the Straits of Magellan? 

3. When the Oregon was sent from Puget Sound to the At- 

lantic to take part in the war with Spain, did it go through 
the straits or around the Horn? 

4. What business was the outgrowth of the voyage of Juan 

Iturbi up the Gulf of California in 1615? 

5. Why did the Spanish government interfere with its develop- 

ment by private enterprise? 

6. What was the result of the interference — 1. As to the busi- 

ness? 2. Upon the country? 

7. Of the men engaged in the trade, who seems to have been 

the most honorable? 

8. Who was the king of Spain at that time? 

9. Is the same business still carried on in the Gult of Cali- 

fornia? 
10. If so, state what you can learn about it. 



CHAPTER XII. 



ADMIRAL ATONDO. 



The ill-s access of 
the last-inentioned pearl- 
fishing expeditions ren- 
dered the monopoly val- 
ueless. No one wanted 
it. Such being the case 
in 1677,, and the impor- 
tance of maintaining some 
kind of a Spanish force 
in California being rec- 
ognized, Charles II., the 
then king, ordered an ex- 
pedition for the final and 
permanent settlement of 
the country at the cost 
of the crown. This, in 
1679, was committed to 
the charge of Isidro 
Atondo y Antillon, commonly known as Admiral Atondo, 
who at once began to furnish vessels, collect soldiers and 
colonists and provide stores for the proposed coloniza- 
tion. In the days of Cortes three or four months would 
have sufficed to complete all necessary arrangements for 
such an undertaking; but now it required three or four years, 
Atondo sailed from the port of Chacala on March 18, 
1683. He had two well-provided ships and over a hundred 
(62) 




CHARLES 11. , KING OF SPAIN. 



[From " Los Gobernantes de Mexico."] 



ADMIRAL ATONDO. 63 

Dien. He was accompanied by three Jesuit priests, the chief 
of whom was the celebrated Father Kiilm, a German, better 
known by his Spanish appellation of Eusebio Friancisco Kino. 
In fourteen days he reached La Paz; but he found the place 
abandoned by the natives, except a few armed and painted 
bands, who manifested great ill-will and indicated by signs 
that they wished the unwelcome visitors to leave. After 
forming an encampment, and building a fort, church and 
huts, Atondo made several excursions in the neighborhood. 
He found the country to the eastward of La Paz very rough 
and sterile and inhabited by an apparently weak and inof- 
fensive race of Indians called Coras; but towards the west- 
ward, where the land was more level and less rocky, the 
Indians, who were called Guaycuros, were fierce and very 
hostile. They were also as active and enterprising as they 
were hostile. Seizing their arms, they posted themselves in 
a position to use them effectually if a safe opportunity should 
present itself; and at the same time they secretly despatched 
a party of their dusky warriors upon a rapid march to the 
camp, in hopes of finding it sufficiently unprotected to justify 
an attack. The Spaniards, however, were on their guard; 
and for the time no assault was attempted. 

This spirit of hostility on the part of the Guaycuros, not- 
withstanding repeated efforts to conciliate them, increased 
rather than diminished. They endeavored for some time to 
drive away the Spaniards by threats and warlike demonstra- 
tions; and, when these failed, they collected in two large armed 
bodies and with violent outcries advanced upon the camp. 
As they approached, the Spanish soldiers ran to their de- 
fenses; but the intrepid Atondo, choosing different tactics, 
threw himself in front of the approaching savages and, with 
terrific yells and assumed fierceness, challenged the entire 
multitude to come on. Such gallant bravery was too much 
for the Indian warriors: such a voice as that of Atondo 



64 DISCOVERT AND EARLY VOYAGES. 

they had never before heard; such a fearful spectacle of fury 
and wrath as he presented they had never before seen. They 
were paralysed with astonishment; and, as Atondo advanced, 
they precipitately turned their backs and fled in disorder. 
Thus was the battle fought and won, like some of those de- 
picted in Homer, by mere strength of lungs and show of rage. 

But the Spanish did not long enjoy the fruits of their 
easy victory. A short time afterwards a mulatto boy mys- 
teriously disappeared from camp and, it being reported that 
the Guaycuros had murdered him, Atondo seized their chief 
man and held him in custody. The Indians immediately 
collected in great numbers and demanded his release. Being 
refused, they Joined all their forces and resolved to make 
a general assault. Atondo, more perhaps for the purpose 
of inspiring his men with confidence in their means of de- 
fense than with any purpose of slaughter, had caused a can- 
non to be loaded and pointed in the direction whence the 
Indians approached; and then he and the Jesuit fathers went 
round among the soldiers endeavoring to encourage them 
to stand up against the savages and drive them off. But on 
every side they found nothing but cowardice and consterna- 
tion. With better material, there would have been no ne- 
cessity for firing the gun; but under the circumstances no 
other course seemed open; and as the Indians came on, the 
cannon was discharged into their midst. Ten or a dozen 
were killed; many others wounded, and the rest were so 
horror-stricken that they betook themselves to the moun- 
tains, glad to find any escape from the terrible engine of 
destruction, which had thus been brought into requisition 
against them. 

It was evident from this experience that the Spaniards 
could not anticipate peacefid intercourse with the Guaycuros; 
and it was resolved to remove the settlement further up the 
gulf shore. The spot finally chosen was a place they called 



ADMIRAL ATONDO. 65 

San Bruno, about ten leagues north of Loreto. There, on 
October G, 1G83, tliey disembarked and, as at La Paz, pro- 
crrded to form a camp and build a fort, church and huts. 
They found tlie Indians, who had apparently never been 
much harassed by the pearl-fishers, quiet and peaceable; and 
for upwards of two years, during which the Spaniards re- 
mained, there does not appear to have been any serious dis- 
agreement or disturbance. While Atondo and his soldiers 
set themselves to exploring the country and attending to the 
temporal wants of the establishment, Father Kino and his 
associates were active in cultivating the friendship of the 
Indians, acquiring their language and converting them to the 
Christian faith. 

It was at San Bruno, in the course of his missionary 
labors there, that Father Kino hit upon his famous method 
of teaching an ignorant people the doctrine of the resurrec- 
tion. He could find nothing in their vocabulary to express 
the notion of resuscitation from death, and for a long time 
was at a loss to make them comprehend an idea so foreign 
to their modes of thought. He finally took several flies; 
put them in water until they were to all appearance dead; 
then took them out, covered them lightly with ashes and 
placed them in the sun. After a short exposure to the solar 
rays, the insects began to recover their vitality and, in a few 
moment*, emerged, shook the ashes from their wings and 
flew away. The Indians, marveling at what had probably 
never before attracted their attention, exclaimed, '^Ibimu- 
hueite, Ibimuhueite." This word the fathers wrote down 
and thenceforth made use of, for want of a better, to signify 
the resurrection of Jesus Christ and to teach the seraphic 
life after death of those that believe in him. 

lender the teachings and ministrations of a preceptor so 
skilful, as this little incident indicates Father Kino to have 
been, the Indians progressed rapidly. Within a year there 



66 



DISCOVERY AND EARLY VOYAGES. 




were more than four hundred catechumens ready for bap- 
tism. But their final admission into the bosom of the 
church, except in cases of approaching death, was delayed 
on account of the uncertainty felt by the fathers as to whether 
the establishment would be permanent. As a matter of 
fact, it was soon ascertained that it would not be. The 
country was found barren and unproductive; for a period of 

eighteen months there had 
been no rain; there was 
difficulty in procuring sup- 
plies, all of which had to 
be purchased and brought 
from across the gulf; there 
was much sickness; and, 
though the fathers urged 
that the next season might 
be better and that a further 
trial should be made, 
Atondo resolved to break 
up camp and abandon the 
settlement. He accord- 
ingly embarked all his peo- 
^ pie and returned to Mexico, 
after spending three years 
of time and laying out two hundred and twenty-five thou- 
sand dollars of the royal moneys without effect. And such 
was the last attempt worthy of notice, under the direct 
auspices of the government, to colonize Lower California. 
Its ill-success rendered the supposition very general that the 
difficulties to be encountered were insuperable. Though the 
protection of the Philippine ships and the interests of com- 
merce required the occupation of the northwest coast as 
much or even more than at any previous time, its accom- 




ADMIRAL ATONDO. 67 

plishmetit seemed more and more improbable. But the 
obstacle?, which the Spanish crown could not surmount, the 
Spanish church was equal to; and, as will be seen in the 
sequel, the cross prevailed where the sword had failed. 



SUGGESTIVE CORRELATIONS. 

TO TUE ruriL. 

1. What interests required the occupation of the northwest 

coast? 

2. What was the object of the expedition of Admiral Atondo? 

3. At whose expense was it fitted out? 

4. When and from what port did the Admiral sail? Locate on 

the map facing page 6, the place from which he sailed. 

5. Locate Loreto on the map facing page 6. 

6. W^hat method did Father Kino take to teach the Indians 

the doctrine of the resurrection? 

7. What do you understand the word "catechumen" to mean? 

After you have a thorough understanding of its meaning, 
from having looked it up in Webster's "International 
Dictionary" or some equivalent work, use it in a sentence 
of your own. 



GENERAL REVIEW. 

1. What nation first reached India by sailing east? By sail- 

ing west? 

2. Of what task was Spain relieved in 1492? 

3. What work did she enter upon in 1570? 

4. What effect had each upon her exploring and colonizing 

activity? 

5. Make a list of her colonial possessions when at the height 

of her power. Tell why she does not possess them now, 
and when she ceased to do so. 

6. By whom, and when, was the Spanish supremacy estab- 

lished in the Philippine islands? 



67 a DISCO VERY AND EARL V VOYA GES. 

7. If Lower California were still a part of California, who 

would have been the first Calif ornian pioneer? 

8. What was the object of the expedition of Cabrillo? Under 

whose direction did he undertake his explorations? Of 
what nationality was he? From what port did he sail? 
What had been the highest point on the Pacific Coast 
previously reached by the Spaniards? When did he dis- 
cover the port now called San Dieg-o? What did he name 
it? When did he discover Monterey Bay? How near did 
he come to discovering- San Francisco Bay? When and 
where did he die? Where was he buried? 

9. W^ho, as chief pilot, succeeded Cabrillo in command of the 

expedition? 

10. When did the chief pilot discover Cape Mendocino? After 

whom did he name it? 

11. What prominent cape did he discover on March 1, 1543? 

12. To whom belongs the credit of the discovery of Alta Cali- 

fornia, or what we now term California? 

13. To whom belongs the credit of sailing along its entire 

coast and ascertaining its general shape and character? 

14. What do you see in the character of Cabrillo worthy of 

imitation? In that of his chief pilot? 

15. Why do you suppose that the chief pilot missed seeing San 

Francisco Bay? 

16. How many navigators on the Californian coast passed San 

Francisco bay and did not discover it? Name them. 



MEMOIUZE. 

California was discovered at La Paz, Lower California, in 
1534 by Fortuno Ximenez. 

The first attempt to settle California was made by Cortes 
in May, 1535, at La Paz, or, as named by him, Santa Cruz. 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 




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